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Biology of Bitterness – IELTS Reading

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Đề đọc IELTS Reading “Biology of Bitterness” – Sinh học của vị đắng. Gồm 14 câu (đoạn chứa thông tin, điền từ, trắc nghiệm), 141 từ vựng, đáp án chi tiết &…

IELTS Academic Reading 14 câu hỏi

Cách làm bài

Đoạn nào chứa thông tin (which paragraph)

  • Đây là câu tìm thông tin cụ thể — KHÔNG theo thứ tự đoạn, nên phải quét toàn bài.
  • Một đoạn có thể là đáp án cho nhiều câu; hãy dựa vào nội dung, đừng loại đoạn quá sớm.
  • Định vị bằng từ khóa/từ đồng nghĩa của câu hỏi thay vì đọc kỹ tuần tự từng chữ.

Điền từ (completion)

  • Tuân thủ giới hạn số từ của đề (ví dụ “NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS”). Vượt quá là sai.
  • Chép chính xác từ trong bài, đúng chính tả và đúng dạng (số ít/nhiều, thì).
  • Dự đoán LOẠI TỪ cần điền (danh từ, động từ, số…) dựa vào ngữ pháp của chỗ trống trước khi tìm.

Trắc nghiệm A/B/C/D

  • Đọc kỹ câu hỏi trước, xác định nó hỏi ý chính hay chi tiết, rồi quay lại đúng đoạn.
  • Đọc HẾT bốn phương án; loại dần phương án sai để tăng xác suất đúng.
  • Bẫy thường gặp: phương án dùng đúng từ trong bài nhưng sai ý, hoặc đúng một nửa. Đáp án đúng thường là cách diễn đạt lại (paraphrase).

Chung

  • Không đọc kỹ toàn bài trước — đọc lướt lấy ý, rồi dùng câu hỏi dẫn đường (scan/skim).
  • Quản lý thời gian: mỗi bài đọc ~20 phút. Câu khó thì đánh dấu, làm tiếp rồi quay lại.

Biology of Bitterness

Mở đầu To many people, grapefruit is palatable only when doused in sugar. Bitter blockers like adenosine monophosphate (AMP) could change that.

A. There is a reason why grapefruit juice is served in little glasses: most people don’t want to drink more than a few ounces at a time. Naringin, a natural chemical compound found in grapefruit, tastes bitter. Some people like that bitterness in small doses and believe it enhances the general flavor, but others would rather avoid it altogether. So juice packagers often select grapefruit with low naringin – though the compound has antioxidant properties that some nutritionists contend may help prevent cancer and arteriosclerosis.

B. It is possible, however, to get the goodness of grapefruit juice without the bitter taste. I found that out by participating in a test conducted at the Linguagen Corporation, a biotechnology company in Cranbury, New Jersey. Sets of two miniature white paper cups, labeled 304 and 305, were placed before five people seated around a conference table. Each of us drank from one cup and then the other, cleansing our palates between tastes with water and a soda cracker. Even the smallest sip of cup 304 had grapefruit’s unmistakable bitter bite. But cup 305 was smoother; there was the sour taste of citrus but none of the bitterness of naringin. This juice had been treated with adenosine monophosphate, or AMP, a compound that blocks the bitterness in foods without making them less nutritious.

C. Taste research is a booming business these days, with scientists delving into all five basics – sweet, bitter, sour, salty, and umami (the savory taste of protein). Bitterness is of special interest to industry because of its untapped potential in food. There are thousands of bitter-tasting compounds in nature. They defend plants by warning animals away and protect animals by letting them know when a plant may be poisonous. But the system isn’t foolproof. Grapefruit and cruciferous vegetables like Brussels sprouts and kale are nutritious despite – and sometimes because of – their bitter-tasting components. Over time, many people have learned to love them, at least in small doses. “Humans are the only species that enjoys bitter taste,” says Charles Zuker, a neuroscientist at the University of California School of Medicine at San Diego. “Every other species is averse to bitter because it means bad news. But we have learned to enjoy it. We drink coffee, which is bitter, and quinine [in tonic water] too. We enjoy having that spice in our lives.” Because bitterness can be pleasing in small quantities but repellent when intense, bitter blockers like AMP could make a whole range of foods, drinks, and medicines more palatable – and therefore more profitable.

D. People have varying capacities for tasting bitterness, and the differences appear to be genetic. About 75 percent of people are sensitive to the taste of the bitter compounds phenylthiocarbamide and 6‑n‑propylthiouracil, while 25 percent are insensitive. Those who are sensitive to phenylthiocarbamide seem to be less likely than others to eat cruciferous vegetables, according to Stephen Wooding, a geneticist at the University of Utah. Some people, known as supertasters, are especially sensitive to 6‑n‑propylthiouracil because they have an unusually high number of taste buds. Supertasters tend to shun all kinds of bitter-tasting things, including vegetables, coffee, and dark chocolate. Perhaps as a result, they tend to be thin. They’re also less fond of alcoholic drinks, which are often slightly bitter. For example, Dewar’s scotch tastes somewhat sweet to most people. “But a supertaster tastes no sweetness at all, only bitterness,” says Valerie Duffy, an associate professor of dietetics at the University of Connecticut at Storrs.

E. In one recent study, Duffy found that supertasters consume alcoholic beverages, on average, only two to three times a week, compared with five or six times for the average nontaster. Each taste bud, which looks like an onion, consists of 50 to 100 elongated cells running from the top of the bud to the bottom. At the top is a little clump of receptors that capture the taste molecules, known as tastants, in food and drink. The receptors function much like those for sight and smell. Once a bitter signal has been received, it is relayed via proteins known as G proteins. The G protein involved in the perception of bitterness, sweetness, and umami was identified in the early 1990s by Linguagen’s founder, Robert Margolskee, at Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York City. Known as gustducin, the protein triggers a cascade of chemical reactions that lead to changes in ion concentrations within the cell. Ultimately, this delivers a signal to the brain that registers as bitter. “The signaling system is like a bucket brigade,” Margolskee says. “It goes from the G protein to other proteins.”

F. In 2000, Zuker and others found some 30 different kinds of genes that code for bitter-taste receptors. “We knew the number would have to be large because there is such a large universe of bitter tastants,” Zuker says. Yet no matter which tastant enters the mouth or which receptor it attaches to, bitter always tastes the same to us. The only variation derives from its intensity and the ways in which it can be flavored by the sense of smell. “Taste cells are like a light switch,” Zuker says. “They are either on or off.”

G. Once scientists figured out the taste mechanism, they began to think of ways to interfere with it. They tried AMP, an organic compound found in breast milk and other substances that is created as cells break down food. AMP has no bitterness of its own, but when put in foods, Margolskee and his colleagues discovered it attaches to bitter-taste receptors. As effective as it is, AMP may not be able to dampen every type of bitter taste, because it probably doesn’t attach to all 30 bitter-taste receptors. So Linguagen has scaled up the hunt for other bitter blockers with a technology called high‑throughput screening. Researchers start by coaxing cells in culture to activate bitter‑taste receptors. Then candidate substances, culled from chemical compound libraries, are dropped onto the receptors, and scientists look for evidence of a reaction.

H. In time, some taste researchers believe compounds like AMP will help make processed foods less unhealthy. Consider, for example, that a single cup of Campbell’s chicken noodle soup contains 850 milligrams of sodium chloride (table salt) – more than a third of the recommended daily allowance. The salt masks the bitterness created by the high temperatures used in the canning process, which cause sugars and amino acids to react. Part of the salt could be replaced by another salt, potassium chloride, which tends to be scarce in some people’s diets. Potassium chloride has a bitter aftertaste, but that could be eliminated with a dose of AMP. Bitter blockers could also be used in place of cherry or grape flavoring to take the harshness out of children’s cough syrup, and they could dampen the bitterness of antihistamines, antibiotics, certain HIV drugs, and other medications.

I. A number of foodmakers have already begun to experiment with AMP in their products, and other bitter blockers are being developed by rival firms such as Senomyx in La Jolla, California. In a few years, perhaps, after food companies have taken the bitterness from canned soup and TV dinners, they can set their sights on something more useful: a bitter blocker in a bottle that any of us can sprinkle on our Brussels sprouts or stir into our grapefruit juice.

Questions 1–8

The reading passage has paragraphs A–I. Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter (A–I) in boxes 1–8 on your answer sheet.

1

Experiment on bitterness conducted

2

Look into the future application

3

Bitterness means different information for humans and animals

4

Spread process of bitterness inside of body

5

How AMP blocks bitterness

6

Some bitterness blocker may help lower unhealthy impact

7

Bitterness introduced from a fruit

8

Genetic feature determines sensitivity

Questions 9–12

Complete the following summary of the passage using no more than two words from the text for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 9–12 on your answer sheet. The reason why grapefruit tastes bitter is because a substance called (9) ______ is contained in it. However, bitterness plays a significant role for plants. It gives a signal that a certain plant is (10) ______. For human beings, different persons carry various genetic abilities of tasting bitterness. According to a scientist at the University of Utah, (11) ______ have exceptionally plenty of (12) ______, which allows them to perceive bitter compounds.

9

The reason why grapefruit tastes bitter is because a substance called (9) ______ is contained in it.

10

It gives a signal that a certain plant is (10) ______.

11

According to a scientist at the University of Utah, (11) ______ have exceptionally plenty of taste buds...

12

...(11) have exceptionally plenty of (12) ______, which allows them to perceive bitter compounds.

Questions 13–14

Choose the correct letter (A, B, C or D) and write your answers in boxes 13–14 on your answer sheet.

13

What is the main feature of AMP according to this passage?

14

What is the main function of G protein?

Từ vựng 141 từ

  • /ˈbɪt.ər.nəs/
    Sự đắng
  • /ˈɡreɪp.fruːt/
    Bưởi
  • /ˈpæl.ə.tə.bəl/
    Dễ dùng, dễ ăn
  • /daʊst/
    Tẩm ướt, rưới (với đường…)
  • /ˈbɪt.ər/
    Đắng
  • /ˈblɒk.ər/
    Chất chặn
  • /əˈdɛn.ə.siːn/
    Adenosin
  • /ˌmɒn.oʊˈsfɒs.feɪt/
    Monophosphate
  • /ˈnær.ɪn.dʒɪn/
    Naringin
  • /ˌæn.tiˈɒk.sɪ.dənt/
    Chất chống oxy hóa
  • /ˌɑː.tɪ.ri.oʊ.skləˈroʊ.sɪs/
    Xơ vữa động mạch
  • /ˈsɪt.rəs/
    Quýt, cam
  • /saʊər/
    Chua
  • /tɛst/
    Thử nghiệm
  • /lɪŋˈɡweɪ.dʒən/
    (Tên công ty)
  • /ˌbaɪ.oʊˌtɛk.nəˈlɒdʒ.i/
    Công nghệ sinh học
  • /ˈkræn.bə.ri/
    (Tên địa danh)
  • /ˈmɪn.i.ə.tʃər/
    Nhỏ xíu
  • /ˈpæl.ət/
    Vị giác
  • /ˈsoʊ.də ˈkræk.ər/
    Bánh quy muối
  • /ˈɡʊd.nəs/
    Sự tốt lành
  • /ɪnˈhɑːns/
    Tăng cường
  • /doʊs/
    Liều lượng
  • /ˈpæk.ɪdʒ.ər/
    Người đóng gói
  • /sɪˈlekt/
    Lựa chọn
  • /loʊ/
    Thấp, ít
  • /ˈkɒm.paʊnd/
    Hợp chất
  • /nuːˈtrɪʃ.ə.nɪst/
    Chuyên gia dinh dưỡng
  • /prɪˈvent/
    Ngăn ngừa
  • /ˈkæn.sər/
    Ung thư
  • Possibility /ˌpɒs.əˈbɪl.ə.ti/ mở rộng
    Khả năng
  • Good /ɡʊd/ mở rộng
    Tốt
  • /wɪˈðaʊt/
    Không có
  • /teɪst/
    Vị
  • /ˌʌn.mɪˈsteɪ.kə.bəl/
    Rõ ràng
  • Smooth /smuːð/ mở rộng
    Mượt mà
  • /ˈtriː.tɪd/
    Được xử lý
  • /blɒk/
    Chặn, ngăn
  • /nuːˈtrɪʃ.əs/
    Bổ dưỡng
  • /rɪˈsɜːrtʃ/
    Nghiên cứu
  • /buːm/
    Phát triển mạnh
  • Delve /delv/ mở rộng
    Tìm hiểu sâu
  • /ˈbeɪ.sɪk/
    Cơ bản
  • /uːˈmɑː.mi/
    Vị ngon (mặn ngọt đắng chua)
  • /ˈseɪ.vər.i/
    Mặn, đậm đà
  • /pəˈten.ʃəl/
    Tiềm năng
  • /ˈɪn.də.stri/
    Ngành công nghiệp
  • /ˈθaʊ.zənd/
    Nghìn
  • /dɪˈfend/
    Bảo vệ
  • /wɔːrn/
    Cảnh báo
  • /ˈæn.ɪ.məl/
    Động vật
  • /pɔɪˈzʌn.əs/
    Độc hại
  • /ˈfuːl.pruːf/
    Không thể sai
  • /ˌkruː.sɪˈfer.əs/
    Họ cải (các loại rau cải)
  • /ˈbrʌs.əlz ˌspraʊts/
    Bắp cải mini
  • /keɪl/
    Cải xoăn
  • /ˈspiː.ʃiːz/
    Loài
  • /ɪnˈdʒɔɪ/
    Thưởng thức
  • /ˈkɒf.i/
    Cà phê
  • /ˈkwɪn.iːn/
    Thuốc cảm quinine
  • /spaɪs/
    Gia vị
  • /ˈprɒf.ɪ.tə.bəl/
    Có lợi nhuận
  • /ˈveə.ri.ɪŋ/
    Khác nhau
  • /kəˈpæs.ɪ.ti/
    Khả năng
  • /dʒəˈnet.ɪk/
    Di truyền
  • /ˈsen.sɪ.tɪv/
    Nhạy cảm
  • /ˌfen.ɪlˌθaɪ.oʊˈkɑːr.bə.mɪd/
    Phenylthiocarbamide
  • /sɪks en proʊˌpɪlˈθaɪ.jʊˌreɪ.kɪl/
    6‑n‑propylthiouracil
  • /ɪnˈsen.sɪ.tɪv/
    Không nhạy cảm
  • /ˈsuː.pərˌteɪ.stər/
    Người có vị giác nhạy bén
  • /ʃʌn/
    Tránh xa
  • /ˈvedʒ.tə.bəl/
    Rau củ
  • /dɑːrk/
    Đậm, tối
  • /ˈtʃɒk.lət/
    Sô cô la
  • /θɪn/
    Gầy, mảnh mai
  • /ˌæl.kəˈhɒl.ɪk/
    Có cồn
  • /ˈbev.ər.ɪdʒ/
    Đồ uống
  • /ɒn ˈæv.rɪdʒ/
    Trung bình
  • /ˈʌn.jən/
    Hành tây
  • /ɪˈlɒŋ.ɡeɪ.tɪd/
    Kéo dài
  • /sel/
    Tế bào
  • /klʌmp/
    Cụm
  • /rɪˈsep.tər/
    Thụ thể
  • /ˈkæp.tʃər/
    Bắt lấy
  • /ˈmɒl.ɪ.kjuːl/
    Phân tử
  • /ˈteɪ.stənt/
    Chất tạo vị
  • /ˈfʌŋk.ʃən/
    Chức năng
  • /saɪt/
    Thị giác
  • /smɛl/
    Khứu giác
  • /ˈsɪɡ.nəl/
    Tín hiệu
  • /rɪˈleɪ/
    Truyền đạt
  • /ˈproʊ.tiːn/
    Protein
  • /ɡʌstˈdjuː.sɪn/
    Gustducin
  • /kæsˈkeɪd/
    Chuỗi phản ứng
  • /riˈæk.ʃən/
    Phản ứng
  • /ˈaɪ.ɒn/
    Ion
  • /ˌkɒn.sənˈtreɪ.ʃən/
    Nồng độ
  • /dɪˈlɪv.ər/
    Giao, truyền
  • /breɪn/
    Não
  • /ˈredʒ.ɪ.stər/
    Ghi nhận
  • /ˈbʌk.ɪt brɪˈɡeɪd/
    Chuỗi người chuyển nước
  • /dʒiːn/
    Gen
  • /koʊd/
    Mã, lập trình
  • /ˈjuː.nɪ.vɜːrs/
    Vũ trụ
  • /ˌveə.riˈeɪ.ʃən/
    Sự khác biệt
  • Flavour /ˈfleɪ.vər/ mở rộng
    Hương vị
  • /laɪt swɪtʃ/
    Công tắc điện
  • /ˌɪn.tərˈfɪər/
    Can thiệp
  • /ɔːˈɡæn.ɪk/
    Hữu cơ
  • /brest mɪlk/
    Sữa mẹ
  • /breɪk daʊn/
    Phân hủy
  • /əˈtætʃ/
    Gắn, kết dính
  • /ɪˈfek.tɪv/
    Hiệu quả
  • /taɪp/
    Loại
  • Scale up /skeɪl ʌp/ mở rộng
    Mở rộng quy mô
  • /hʌnt/
    Săn lùng
  • /ˈkæn.dɪ.deɪt/
    Ứng viên
  • /ˈlaɪ.brər.i/
    Thư viện (dữ liệu hóa học)
  • /ˈev.ɪ.dəns/
    Bằng chứng
  • /ˈprəʊ.sest/
    Chế biến
  • /fuːdˈmeɪ.kər/
    Nhà sản xuất thực phẩm
  • /ɪkˈsper.ɪ.mənt/
    Thí nghiệm
  • /dɪˈvel.əp/
    Phát triển
  • /ˈraɪ.vəl/
    Đối thủ
  • /fɜːrm/
    Công ty
  • Application /ˌæp.lɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/ mở rộng
    Ứng dụng
  • /ˈprəʊ.ses/
    Quá trình
  • Replace /rɪˈpleɪs/ mở rộng
    Thay thế
  • /sɒlt/
    Muối
  • /ˈsoʊ.di.əm ˈklɔː.raɪd/
    Natri clorua
  • /əˈlaʊ.əns/
    Liều lượng khuyến nghị
  • /ˈtem.prə.tʃər/
    Nhiệt độ
  • /ˈʃʊɡ.ər/
    Đường
  • /ˌæm.ɪ.noʊ ˈæs.ɪd/
    Axit amin
  • /ˈfleɪ.vər.ɪŋ/
    Gia vị
  • Harsh /hɑːrʃ/ mở rộng
    Gắt, khắc nghiệt
  • /kɒf ˈsɪr.ʌp/
    Thuốc ho
  • /ˌæn.ti.hɪˈstæm.iːn/
    Thuốc chống dị ứng
  • /ˌæn.ti.baɪˈɒt.ɪk/
    Kháng sinh
  • /ˌeɪtʃ.aɪˈviː/
    HIV
  • /ˌmed.ɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/
    Thuốc men

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Biology of Bitterness – IELTS Reading

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