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Smell and Memory: Smell like yesterday – IELTS Reading

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Đề đọc IELTS Reading “Smell and Memory: Smell like yesterday” – Mùi hương và ký ức: Mùi hương như thể ngày hôm qua. Gồm 13 câu (nối thông tin, trắc nghiệm…

IELTS Academic Reading 13 câu hỏi

Cách làm bài

Nối (matching)

  • Đọc kỹ vế/đề đã cho, tìm trong bài đoạn nói cùng nội dung — đáp án thường được diễn đạt lại bằng từ đồng nghĩa.
  • Với nối phần kết câu: ghép sao cho câu hoàn chỉnh vừa đúng NGHĨA vừa đúng NGỮ PHÁP.
  • Loại trừ dần các lựa chọn đã dùng; đọc lướt cả danh sách trước khi quyết định để tránh chọn trùng.

Trắc nghiệm A/B/C/D

  • Đọc kỹ câu hỏi trước, xác định nó hỏi ý chính hay chi tiết, rồi quay lại đúng đoạn.
  • Đọc HẾT bốn phương án; loại dần phương án sai để tăng xác suất đúng.
  • Bẫy thường gặp: phương án dùng đúng từ trong bài nhưng sai ý, hoặc đúng một nửa. Đáp án đúng thường là cách diễn đạt lại (paraphrase).

Điền từ (completion)

  • Tuân thủ giới hạn số từ của đề (ví dụ “NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS”). Vượt quá là sai.
  • Chép chính xác từ trong bài, đúng chính tả và đúng dạng (số ít/nhiều, thì).
  • Dự đoán LOẠI TỪ cần điền (danh từ, động từ, số…) dựa vào ngữ pháp của chỗ trống trước khi tìm.

Chung

  • Không đọc kỹ toàn bài trước — đọc lướt lấy ý, rồi dùng câu hỏi dẫn đường (scan/skim).
  • Quản lý thời gian: mỗi bài đọc ~20 phút. Câu khó thì đánh dấu, làm tiếp rồi quay lại.

Smell and Memory: Smell like yesterday

A. You probably pay more attention to a newspaper with your eyes than with your nose. But lift the paper to your nostrils and inhale. The smell of newsprint might carry you back to your childhood, when your parents perused the paper on Sunday mornings. Or maybe some other smell takes you back—the scent of your mother's perfume, the pungency of a driftwood campfire. Specific odours can spark a flood of reminiscences.

Psychologists call it the "Proustian phenomenon" after French novelist Marcel Proust. Near the beginning of the masterpiece In Search of Lost Time, Proust's narrator dunks a madeleine cookie into a cup of tea and the scent and taste unleash a torrent of childhood memories for 3000 pages.

B. Now, this phenomenon is getting the scientific treatment. Neuroscientists Rachel Herz, a cognitive neuroscientist at Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, have discovered, for instance, how sensory memories are shared across the brain, with different brain regions remembering the sights, smells, tastes and sounds of a particular experience. Meanwhile, psychologists have demonstrated that memories triggered by smells can be more emotional, as well as more detailed, than memories not related to smells.

When you inhale, odour molecules set brain cells dancing within a region known as the amygdala, a part of the brain that helps control emotion. In contrast, the other senses, such as taste or touch, get routed through other parts of the brain before reaching the amygdala. The direct link between odours and the amygdala may help explain the emotional potency of smells. "There is this unique connection between the sense of smell and the part of the brain that processes emotion," says Rachel Herz.

C. But the links don't stop there. Like an octopus reaching its tentacles outward, the memory of smells affects other brain regions as well. In recent experiments, neuroscientists at University College London (UCL) asked 15 volunteers to look at pictures while smelling unrelated odours. For instance, the subjects might see a photo of a duck paired with the scent of a rose, and then be asked to create a story linking the two.

Brain scans taken at the time revealed that the volunteers' brains were particularly active in a region known as the factory cortex, which is known to be involved in processing smells. Five minutes later, the volunteers were shown the duck photo again, but without the rose smell. And in their brains, the olfactory cortex lit up again, the scientists reported recently. The fact that the olfactory cortex became active in the absence of the odour suggests that people's sensory memory of events is spread across different brain regions.

Imagine going on a seaside holiday, says UCL team leader, Jay Gottfried. The sight of the waves becomes stored in one area, whereas the crash of the surf goes elsewhere, and the smell of seaweed in yet another place. There could be an advantage to having memories spread around the brain. "You can reawaken that memory from any one of the sensory triggers," says Gottfried. "Maybe the smell of the sun lotion, or a particular sound from that day, or the sight of a rock formation." Or—in the case of an early hunter and gatherer—the sight of a lion might be enough to trigger the urge to flee, rather than having to wait for the sound of its roar and the stench of its hide to kick in as well.

D. Remembered smells may also carry extra emotional baggage, says Herz. Her research suggests that memories triggered by odours are more emotional than memories triggered by other cues. In one recent study, Herz recruited five volunteers who had vivid memories associated with a particular perfume, such as Opium for Women and Juniper Breeze from Bath and Body Works.

She took images of the volunteers' brains as they sniffed that perfume and an unrelated perfume without knowing which was which. (They were also shown photos of each perfume bottle.) Smelling the specified perfume activated the volunteers' brains the most, particularly in the amygdala, and in a region called the hippocampus which helps in memory formation. Herz published the work earlier this year in the journal Neuropsychologia.

E. But she couldn't be sure that the other senses wouldn't also elicit a strong response. So in another study Herz compared smells with sounds and pictures. She had 70 people describe an emotional memory involving three items—popcorn, fresh-cut grass and a campfire. Then they compared the items through sights, sounds and smells. For instance, the person might see a picture of a lawnmower, then sniff the scent of grass and finally listen to the lawnmower's sound. Memories triggered by smell were more evocative than memories triggered by either sights or sounds.

F. Odour-evoked memories may be not only more emotional, but more detailed as well. Working with colleague John Downes, psychologist Simon Chu of the University of Liverpool started researching odour and memory partly because of his grandmother's stories about Chinese culture. As generations gathered to share oral histories, they would pass a small pot of spice or incense around; later, when they wanted to remember the story in as much detail as possible, they would pass the same smell around again.

"It kind of fits with a lot of anecdotal evidence on how smells can be really good reminders of past experiences," Chu says. And scientific research seems to bear out the anecdotes. In one experiment, Chu and Downes asked 42 volunteers to tell a life story, then tested to see whether odours such as coffee and cinnamon could help them remember more detail in the story. They could.

G. Despite such studies, not everyone is convinced that Proust can be scientifically analysed. In the June issue of Chemical Senses, Chu and Downes exchanged critiques with renowned perfumer and chemist J. Stephan Jellinek. Jellinek chided the Liverpool researchers for, among other things, presenting the smells and asking the volunteers to think of memories, rather than seeing what memories were spontaneously evoked by the odours. But there's only so much science can do to test a phenomenon that's inherently different for each person, Chu says.

Meanwhile, Jellinek has also been collecting anecdotal accounts of Proustian experiences, hoping to find some common links between the experiences. "I think there is a case to be made that surprise may be a major aspect of the Proust phenomenon," he says. "That's why people are so struck by these memories." No one knows whether Proust ever experienced such a transcendental moment. But his notions of memory, written as fiction nearly a century ago, continue to inspire scientists of today.

Questions 1–5

Use the information in the passage to match the people (listed A-C) with opinions or deeds below. Write the appropriate letters A-C in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet. NB: you may use any letter more than once.

A. Rachel Herz B. Simon Chu C. Jay Gottfried
1

Found pattern of different sensory memories stored in various zones of a brain.

2

Smell brings detailed event under a smell of certain substance.

3

Connection of smell and certain zones of brain is different with that of other senses.

4

Diverse locations of stored information help us keep away the hazard.

5

There is no necessary correlation between smell and processing zone of brain.

Questions 6–9

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D. Write your answers in boxes 6–9 on your answer sheet.

6

In paragraph B, what do the experiments conducted by Herz and other scientists show?

7

What does the second experiment conducted by Herz suggest?

8

What is the outcome of experiment conducted by Chu and Downes?

9

What is the comment of Jellinek to Chu and Downes in the issue of Chemical Senses?

Questions 10–13

Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using no more than three words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 10–13 on your answer sheet. In the experiments conducted by UCL, participants were asked to look at a picture with a scent of a flower, then in the next stage, everyone would have to (10) ______ for a connection. A method called (11) ______ suggested that specific area of brain named (12) ______ were quite active. Then in another parallelled experiment about Chinese elders, storytellers could recall detailed anecdotes when smelling a bowl of (13) ______ or incense around.

10

...in the next stage, everyone would have to (10) ______ for a connection.

11

A method called (11) ______ suggested that specific area of brain named (12) ______ were quite active.

12

...specific area of brain named (12) ______ were quite active.

13

...storytellers could recall detailed anecdotes when smelling a bowl of (13) ______ or incense around.

Từ vựng 121 từ

  • /ˈəʊ.dər/
    Mùi hương
  • /ˌrem.ɪˈnɪs.əns/
    Hồi tưởng
  • Fragrance /ˈfreɪ.ɡrəns/ mở rộng
    Hương thơm
  • Mustiness /ˈmʌs.ti.nəs/ mở rộng
    Mùi ẩm mốc
  • Nostalgia /nɒˈstæl.dʒə/ mở rộng
    Sự hoài niệm
  • /ˈsen.sər.i/
    (Thuộc) giác quan
  • Recollection /ˌrek.əˈlek.ʃən/ mở rộng
    Sự nhớ lại
  • /fɪˈnɒm.ɪ.nən/
    Hiện tượng
  • /pruːˈsti.ən/
    Liên quan đến Proust
  • /ˈmad.lɛn/
    Bánh madeleine
  • /ɪnˈheɪl/
    Hít vào
  • /ˈnɒs.trəl/
    Lỗ mũi
  • /ˈnjuːz.prɪnt/
    Giấy in báo
  • Peruse /pəˈruːz/ mở rộng
    Đọc kỹ
  • /ˈkæmp.faɪər/
    Lửa trại
  • /ˈpʌn.dʒən.si/
    Mùi hăng/nồng
  • /spɑːrk/
    Khuấy động, châm ngòi
  • /ˈtɒr.ənt/
    Dòng chảy xiết
  • /ˈkɒɡ.nɪ.tɪv/
    Nhận thức
  • /ˌnjʊə.rəʊˈsaɪ.ən.tɪst/
    Nhà thần kinh học
  • /əˈmɪɡ.də.lə/
    Hạch hạnh nhân (trong não)
  • /ɒlˈfæk.trə.ri/
    Thuộc khứu giác
  • /ˈkɔː.teks/
    Vỏ não
  • /breɪn skæn/
    Chụp não
  • /ˈriː.dʒən/
    Khu vực
  • Sensation /senˈseɪ.ʃən/ mở rộng
    Cảm giác
  • /ˈtrɪɡ.ər/
    Kích hoạt
  • /dɪˈteɪl/
    Chi tiết
  • /ɪˈməʊ.ʃən.əl/
    Thuộc về cảm xúc
  • /ˈpəʊ.tən.si/
    Sức mạnh, hiệu lực
  • /juːˈniːk/
    Độc nhất
  • /kəˈnek.ʃən/
    Sự kết nối
  • Route /ruːt/ mở rộng
    Tuyến, đường dẫn
  • /ˈprəʊ.ses/
    Xử lý
  • /ʃeər/
    Chia sẻ
  • /ɪkˈsper.ɪ.mənt/
    Thí nghiệm
  • /ˌvɒl.ənˈtɪər/
    Tình nguyện viên
  • /ˈpɪk.tʃər/
    Bức tranh/hình ảnh
  • /peər/
    Ghép đôi
  • /lɪŋk/
    Liên kết
  • /ˈstɔː.ri/
    Câu chuyện
  • Activate /ˈæk.tɪ.veɪt/ mở rộng
    Kích hoạt
  • Light up /laɪt ʌp/ mở rộng
    Sáng lên
  • /spred/
    Lan rộng
  • Recall /rɪˈkɔːl/ mở rộng
    Nhớ lại
  • /ədˈvɑːn.tɪdʒ/
    Lợi thế
  • /ˈsiː.saɪd/
    Bờ biển
  • /weɪv/
    Sóng
  • /sɜːf/
    Sóng biển
  • /sʌn ˈləʊ.ʃən/
    Kem chống nắng
  • /rɒk fɔːˈmeɪ.ʃən/
    Kiến tạo đá
  • Hazard /ˈhæz.əd/ mở rộng
    Mối nguy
  • /ˈbæɡ.ɪdʒ/
    Hành lý (nghĩa đen/bóng)
  • /rɪˈkruːt/
    Tuyển mộ
  • /ˌhɪp.əˈkæm.pəs/
    Hồi hải mã
  • /ˈpʌb.lɪʃ/
    Xuất bản
  • /ˈdʒɜː.nəl/
    Tạp chí
  • Compare /kəmˈpeər/ mở rộng
    So sánh
  • /ɪˈvɒk.ə.tɪv/
    Gợi lên
  • Equal /ˈiː.kwəl/ mở rộng
    Ngang nhau
  • Outcome /ˈaʊt.kʌm/ mở rộng
    Kết quả
  • /ˌæn.ɪkˈdəʊ.təl/
    Giai thoại
  • /ˈkʌl.tʃər/
    Văn hóa
  • /ˈɔːr.əl/
    Bằng miệng
  • /spaɪs/
    Gia vị
  • /ˈɪn.sens/
    Nhang, hương
  • /ˈev.ɪ.dəns/
    Bằng chứng
  • /tʃaɪˈniːz/
    (Thuộc) Trung Quốc
  • /ˈsɪn.ə.mən/
    Quế
  • Aroma /əˈrəʊ.mə/ mở rộng
    Hương thơm
  • /pruːst/
    (Tên nhà văn Marcel Proust)
  • /ˈfɪk.ʃən/
    Tiểu thuyết
  • /ˌtræn.senˈden.təl/
    Siêu nghiệm
  • /ˈnəʊ.ʃən/
    Khái niệm
  • /ˈtʃaɪld.hʊd/
    Thời thơ ấu
  • /ˈmem.ər.i/
    Ký ức
  • Correlation /ˌkɒr.əˈleɪ.ʃən/ mở rộng
    Sự tương quan
  • Intensity /ɪnˈten.sə.ti/ mở rộng
    Cường độ
  • /ɪˈməʊ.ʃən/
    Cảm xúc
  • /ˈdiː.teɪld/
    Chi tiết
  • Experimentation /ɪkˌsper.ɪ.menˈteɪ.ʃən/ mở rộng
    Thử nghiệm
  • /ˈprəʊ.ses.ɪŋ/
    Xử lý
  • /ˈmɒl.ɪ.kjuːl/
    Phân tử
  • /daɪˈrɛkt lɪŋk/
    Mối liên kết trực tiếp
  • /ˈvɪv.ɪd/
    Sống động
  • /ˈpɜː.fjuːm/
    Nước hoa
  • /ˈstʌd.i/
    Nghiên cứu
  • /ɪˈməʊ.ʃən.əl ˈbæɡ.ɪdʒ/
    Gánh nặng cảm xúc
  • Data /ˈdeɪ.tə/ mở rộng
    Dữ liệu
  • /sent/
    Mùi hương
  • /ɡrɑːs/
    Cỏ
  • /ˈlɔːnˌməʊ.ər/
    Máy cắt cỏ
  • Evoke /ɪˈvoʊk/ mở rộng
    Gợi lên
  • /ˈæn.ɪk.doʊt/
    Giai thoại
  • /ˈlɪv.ər.puːl/
    Thành phố Liverpool
  • /ˈkɒf.i/
    Cà phê
  • /krɪˈtiːk/
    Lời phê bình
  • /pəˈfjuː.mər/
    Nhà điều chế nước hoa
  • /ˈkem.ɪst/
    Nhà hóa học
  • /spɒnˈteɪ.ni.əs.li/
    Một cách tự phát
  • /ɪnˈher.ənt.li/
    Vốn dĩ
  • /ˈæs.pekt/
    Khía cạnh
  • /səˈpraɪz/
    Sự bất ngờ
  • /ɪnˈspaɪər/
    Truyền cảm hứng
  • /rɪˈsɜːtʃ/
    Nghiên cứu
  • Analyze /ˈæn.ə.laɪz/ mở rộng
    Phân tích
  • /breɪn ˈriː.dʒən/
    Vùng não
  • Stimulus /ˈstɪm.jʊ.ləs/ mở rộng
    Kích thích
  • Potential /pəˈten.ʃəl/ mở rộng
    Tiềm năng
  • Surge /sɜːdʒ/ mở rộng
    Sự dâng trào
  • /ˈpɜː.fjuːm ˈbɒt.əl/
    Chai nước hoa
  • Brain imaging /breɪn ˈɪm.ɪdʒ.ɪŋ/ mở rộng
    Chụp hình não
  • Emotional tie /ɪˈməʊ.ʃən.əl taɪ/ mở rộng
    Mối liên kết cảm xúc
  • /ˌʌn.rɪˈleɪ.tɪd/
    Không liên quan
  • /ˈvɪv.ɪd ˈmem.ər.i/
    Ký ức sống động
  • /pruːst fɪˈnɒm.ɪ.nən/
    Hiện tượng Proust
  • Tendency /ˈten.dən.si/ mở rộng
    Xu hướng
  • /kjuː/
    Gợi ý, tín hiệu
  • /ɪˈməʊ.ʃən.əl ˈpəʊ.tən.si/
    Sức mạnh cảm xúc
  • /ˈɡæð.ər/
    Tụ họp
  • /ˈɔːr.əl ˈhɪs.tər.i/
    Lịch sử truyền miệng

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