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Chinese Yellow Citrus Ant for Biological Control – IELTS Reading

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Đề đọc IELTS Reading “Chinese Yellow Citrus Ant for Biological Control” – Kiến cam vàng Trung Quốc trong kiểm soát sinh học. Gồm 13 câu (nối thông tin…

IELTS Academic Reading 13 câu hỏi

Cách làm bài

Nối (matching)

  • Đọc kỹ vế/đề đã cho, tìm trong bài đoạn nói cùng nội dung — đáp án thường được diễn đạt lại bằng từ đồng nghĩa.
  • Với nối phần kết câu: ghép sao cho câu hoàn chỉnh vừa đúng NGHĨA vừa đúng NGỮ PHÁP.
  • Loại trừ dần các lựa chọn đã dùng; đọc lướt cả danh sách trước khi quyết định để tránh chọn trùng.

True / False / Not Given (theo thông tin bài)

  • TRUE = đúng với thông tin trong bài; FALSE = trái ngược/không thể đúng cùng lúc với bài; NOT GIVEN = bài không cung cấp thông tin.
  • Câu hỏi đi theo thứ tự đoạn văn — định vị bằng từ khóa rồi đối chiếu từng chi tiết.
  • Cảnh giác từ tuyệt đối (all, only, never, always): chỉ cần một chi tiết lệch là FALSE.
  • Không suy diễn bằng kiến thức ngoài bài — chỉ dựa vào những gì đoạn văn viết ra.

Chung

  • Không đọc kỹ toàn bài trước — đọc lướt lấy ý, rồi dùng câu hỏi dẫn đường (scan/skim).
  • Quản lý thời gian: mỗi bài đọc ~20 phút. Câu khó thì đánh dấu, làm tiếp rồi quay lại.

Chinese Yellow Citrus Ant for Biological Control

A. In 1476, the farmers of Berne in Switzerland decided, according to this story, there was only one way to rid their fields of the cutworms attacking their crops. They took the pests to court. The worms were tried, found guilty and excommunicated by the archbishop. In China, farmers had a more practical approach to pest control. Rather than rely on divine intervention, they put their faith in frogs, ducks and ants. Frogs and ducks were encouraged to map up the pests in the paddies and the occasional plague of locusts. But the notion of biological control began with an ant. More specifically, the story says, it started with the predatory yellow citrus ant is a type of weaver ant, which has been polishing off pests in the orange groves of southern China for at least 1700 years. The yellow citrus ant $O is a type of weaver ant, which binds leaves and twigs with silk to form a neat, tent-like nest. In the beginning, farmers made do with the odd ants' nest here and there. But it wasn't long before growing demand led to the development of a thriving trade in nests and a new type of agriculture—ant farming.

B. For an insect that bites, the yellow citrus ant is remarkably popular. Even by ant standards, Oecophylla smaragdina is a fearsome predator. It's big, runs fast and has a powerful nip – painful to humans but lethal to many of the insects that plague the orange groves of Guangdong and Guangxi in southern China. And for at least 17 centuries. Chinese orange growers have harnessed these six-legged killing machines to keep their fruit groves healthy and productive. The story explains that citrus – a fruits evolved in the Far East and the Chinese discovered the delights of their flesh early on. As the ancestral home of oranges, lemons and pomelos, China also has the greatest diversity of citrus pests. And the trees that produce the sweetest fruits, the mandarins—or kan-attract a host of plant-eating insects, from black ants and sap sucking mealy bugs to leaf-devouring caterpillars. With so many enemies, fruit growers clearly had to have some way of protecting their orchards.

C. The West did not discover the Chinese orange growers' secret weapon until the early 20th century. At the time, Florida was suffering an epidemic of citrus canker and in 1915 Walter Swingle, a plant physiologist working for the US Department of Agriculture, was, the story says, sent to China in search of varieties of orange that were resistant to the disease. Swingle spent some time studying the citrus orchards around Guangzhou, and there he came across the story of the cultivated ant. These ants, he was told, were "grown" by the people of a small village nearby who sold them to the orange growers by the nestful.

D. The earliest report of citrus ants at work among the orange trees appears in a book on tropical and subtropical botany written by His Han in AD 304. "The people of Chiao-Chih sell in their markets ants in bags of rush matting. The nests are like silk. The bags are all attached to twigs and leaves which, with the ants inside the nests, are for sale. The ants are reddish-yellow in colour, bigger than ordinary ants. In the south if the kan trees do not have this kind of ant, the fruits will all be damaged by many harmful insects, and not a single fruit will be perfect."

E. Initially, farmers relied on nests which they collected from the wild or bought in the market — where trade in nests was brisk. 'It is said that in the south orange trees which are free of ants will have wormy fruits. Therefore the people race to buy nests for their orange trees,' wrote Liu Hsun in Strange Things Noted in the South, written about AD 890. The business quickly became more sophisticate. From the 10th century, country people began to trap ants in artificial nests baited with fat. "Fruit growing families buy these ants from vendors who make a business of collecting and selling such creatures," wrote Chuang Chi-Yu in 1130. "They trap them by filling hogs' or sheep's bladders with fat and placing them with the cavities open next to the ants' nests. They wait until the ants have migrated into the bladders and take them away. This is known as 'rearing orange ants'." Farmers attached the bladders to their trees, and in time the ants spread to other trees and built new nests. By the 17th century, growers were building bamboo walkways between their trees to speed the colonization of their orchards. The ants ran along these narrow bridges from one tree to another and established nests "by the hundreds of thousands".

F. Did it work? The orange growers clearly thought so. One authority, Chi Ta— Chun, writing in 1700, stressed how important it was to keep the fruit trees free of insect pests, especially caterpillars. "It is essential to eliminate them so that the trees are not injured. But hand labour is not nearly as efficient as ant power…" Swingle was just as impressed. Yet despite this reports, many Western biologists were skeptical. In the West, the idea of using one insect to destroy another was new and highly controversial. The first breakthrough had come in 1888, when the infant a orange industry in California had been saved from extinction by the Australian vedalia beetle. This beetle was the only thing that had made any inroad into the explosion of cottony cushion scale that was threatening to destroy the state's citrus crops. But, as Swingle now knew, California's "first" was nothing of the sort. The Chinese had been expert in biocontrol for many centuries.

G. The story goes on to say that the long tradition of ants in the Chinese orchards only began to waver in the 1950s and 1960s with the introduction of powerful organic (I guess the author means chemical insecticides). Although most fruit growers switched to chemicals, a few hung onto their ants. Those who abandoned ants in favour of chemicals quickly became disillusioned. As costs soared and pests began to develop resistance to the chemicals, growers began to revive the old ant patrols. They had good reason to have faith in their insect workforce. Research in the early 1960s showed that as long as there were enough ants in the trees, they did an excellent job of dispatching some pests— mainly the larger insects—and had modest success against others. Trees with yellow ants produced almost 20 per cent more healthy leaves than those without. More recent trials have shown that these trees yield just as big a crop as those protected by expensive chemical sprays.

H. One apparent drawback of using ants—and one of the main reasons for the early skepticism by Western scientists was that citrus ants do nothing to control mealy bugs, waxy-coated scale insects which can do considerable damage to fruit frees. In fact, the ants protect mealy bugs in exchange for the sweet honeydew they secrete. The orange growers always denied this was a problem but Western scientists thought they knew better. Research in the 1980s suggests that the growers were right all along. Where mealy bugs proliferate under the ants' protection they are usually heavily parasitized and this limits the harm they can do. Orange growers who rely on carnivorous ants rather than poisonous chemicals maintain a better balance of species in their orchards. While the ants deal with the bigger insect pests, other predatory species keep down the numbers of smaller pests such as scale insects and aphids. In the long run, ants do a lot less damage than chemicals-and they're certainly more effective than excommunication.

Questions 14–18

Use the information in the passage to match the year (listed A–G) with the correct description below. Write the appropriate letters A–G in boxes 14–18 on your answer sheet. NB You may use any letter more than once.

A. 1888 B. 1476 C. 1915 D. 1700 E. 1130 F. AD 304 G. 1950s
14

First record of ant against pests written.

15

WS studied ant intervention method in China.

16

First case of orange crops rescued by insect in western world.

17

Chinese farmers start to choose chemical method.

18

A book wrote mentioned ways to trap ants.

Questions 19–26

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the Reading Passage? In boxes 19–26 on your answer sheet, write TRUE if the statement is true, FALSE if the statement is false, NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage.

19

China has the most citrus pests counted in types in the world.

20

Swingle came to China in order to search an insect for the US government.

21

Western people were impressed by Swingle's theory of pest prevention.

22

Chinese farmers realised that price of pesticides became expensive.

23

Some Chinese farmers start to abandon the use of pesticide.

24

Trees without ants had grown more unhealthy leaves than those with.

25

Yield of fields using ants is larger a crop than that using chemical pesticides.

26

Chinese orange farmers proposed that ant protection doesn't work out of China.

Từ vựng 138 từ

  • /ˈkʌtwɜːrmz/
    sâu keo
  • /pɛsts/
    sâu bệnh, côn trùng gây hại
  • /ˌɛkskəˈmjuːnɪkeɪtɪd/
    bị rút phép thông công
  • /ˌɑːrtʃˈbɪʃəp/
    tổng giám mục
  • /ˈpræktɪkəl əˈprəʊtʃ/
    cách tiếp cận thực tế
  • /pɛst kənˈtrəʊl/
    kiểm soát dịch hại
  • /dɪˈvaɪn ˌɪntərˈvɛnʃən/
    sự can thiệp của thần thánh
  • /ˈpædiz/
    đồng lúa
  • /pleɪɡ əv ˈləʊkəsts/
    đại dịch châu chấu
  • /ˌbaɪəˈlɒdʒɪkəl kənˈtrəʊl/
    kiểm soát sinh học (biocontrol)
  • /ˈprɛdətəri/
    săn mồi
  • /ˈjɛləʊ ˈsɪtrəs ænt/
    kiến cam vàng
  • /ˈwiːvər ænt/
    kiến thợ dệt
  • /ˈpɒlɪʃɪŋ ɒf/
    xử lý, tiêu diệt (sâu bọ)
  • /ˈɒrɪndʒ ɡrəʊvz/
    vườn cam
  • /baɪndz/
    kết dính
  • /twɪɡz/
    cành cây nhỏ
  • /tɛnt laɪk nɛst/
    tổ giống cái lều
  • /ˈɡrəʊɪŋ dɪˈmɑːnd/
    nhu cầu ngày càng tăng
  • /ˈθraɪvɪŋ treɪd/
    buôn bán phát đạt
  • /ænt ˈfɑːrmɪŋ/
    nghề nuôi kiến
  • /ˈfɪərsəm ˈprɛdətər/
    kẻ săn mồi đáng sợ
  • /nɪp/
    cú cắn, vồ
  • /ˈpeɪnfəl/
    đau đớn
  • /ˈliːθəl/
    gây chết người
  • plague (v.) /pleɪɡ/ mở rộng
    gây hại, làm phiền
  • /ˈhɑːrnəst/
    khai thác, lợi dụng
  • /sɪks lɛɡd/
    sáu chân
  • /fruːt ɡrəʊvz/
    vườn cây ăn quả
  • /ˈsɪtrəs/
    cây họ cam quýt
  • /ɪˈvɒlvd/
    tiến hóa
  • /ænˈsɛstrəl həʊm/
    quê hương tổ tiên
  • /daɪˈvɜːrsɪti/
    sự đa dạng
  • /ˈpɒmələʊz/
    bưởi
  • /ˈmændərɪnz/
    quýt
  • /həʊst ɒv/
    một số lượng lớn
  • /plænt ˈiːtɪŋ ˈɪnsɛkts/
    côn trùng ăn thực vật
  • /sæp ˈsʌkɪŋ/
    hút nhựa cây
  • /ˈmiːli bʌɡz/
    rệp sáp
  • /liːf dɪˈvaʊərɪŋ/
    ăn lá
  • /ˈkætərˌpɪlərz/
    sâu bướm
  • /ˈɔːrtʃərdz/
    vườn cây ăn quả
  • /ˈsiːkrət ˈwɛpən/
    vũ khí bí mật
  • /ˌɛpɪˈdɛmɪk/
    dịch bệnh
  • /ˈsɪtrəs ˈkæŋkər/
    bệnh loét cam quýt
  • /plænt ˌfɪziˈɒlədʒɪst/
    nhà sinh lý học thực vật
  • /rɪˈzɪstənt/
    kháng (bệnh)
  • /ˈkʌltɪveɪtɪd ænt/
    kiến được nuôi trồng
  • /ˈnɛstfʊl/
    đầy một tổ
  • /ˈɜːrliɪst rɪˈpɔːrt/
    báo cáo sớm nhất
  • /ˌsʌbˈtrɒpɪkəl ˈbɒtəni/
    thực vật học cận nhiệt đới
  • /rʌʃ ˈmætɪŋ/
    chiếu cói
  • /nɛsts ɑːr laɪk sɪlk/
    tổ giống như lụa
  • /ˈhɑːrmfəl ˈɪnsɛkts/
    côn trùng có hại
  • /ˈwɜːrmi fruːts/
    trái cây có sâu
  • /brɪsk/
    nhanh nhẹn, sôi động (buôn bán)
  • /səˈfɪstɪkeɪt/
    trở nên tinh vi
  • trap (v.) /træp/ mở rộng
    bẫy
  • /ˌɑːrtɪˈfɪʃəl nɛsts/
    tổ nhân tạo
  • /beɪtɪd/
    có mồi
  • /ˈvɛndərz/
    người bán hàng rong
  • hogs' bladders /hɒɡz ˈblædərz/ mở rộng
    bàng quang lợn
  • /ˈkævɪtiz/
    lỗ hổng
  • /maɪˈɡreɪtɪd/
    di cư
  • /ˈrɪərɪŋ/
    nuôi dưỡng
  • /bæmˈbuː ˈwɔːkweɪz/
    lối đi bằng tre
  • /ˌkɒlənaɪˈzeɪʃən/
    sự chiếm lĩnh (thuộc địa)
  • /hænd ˈleɪbər/
    lao động chân tay
  • /ænt ˈpaʊər/
    sức mạnh của kiến
  • /ˈskɛptɪkəl/
    hoài nghi
  • /ˌkɒntrəˈvɜːrʃəl/
    gây tranh cãi
  • /ˈbreɪkθruː/
    bước đột phá
  • infant (industry) /ˈɪnfənt/ mở rộng
    non trẻ (ngành)
  • /ɪkˈstɪŋkʃən/
    sự tuyệt chủng
  • /vɪˈdeɪliə ˈbiːtl/
    bọ rùa vedalia
  • /ˈɪnrəʊd/
    sự xâm nhập, tấn công
  • /ˈkɒtəni ˈkʊʃən skeɪl/
    rệp sáp đệm bông
  • /ˌbaɪəʊkənˈtrəʊl/
    kiểm soát sinh học (viết tắt)
  • /ˈweɪvər/
    dao động, lung lay
  • /ˌɪntrəˈdʌkʃən/
    sự du nhập, giới thiệu
  • /ɪnˈsɛktɪsaɪdz/
    thuốc trừ sâu
  • /hʌŋ ˈɒntuː/
    bám trụ, giữ lấy
  • /əˈbændənd/
    từ bỏ
  • /ˌdɪsɪˈluːʒənd/
    vỡ mộng, thất vọng
  • /kɒsts sɔːrd/
    chi phí tăng vọt
  • /dɪˈvɛləp rɪˈzɪstəns/
    phát triển khả năng kháng thuốc
  • /rɪˈvaɪv/
    phục hồi, làm sống lại
  • /ænt pəˈtrəʊlz/
    đội tuần tra kiến
  • /feɪθ/
    niềm tin
  • /ˈɪnsɛkt ˈwɜːrkfɔːrs/
    lực lượng lao động côn trùng
  • /dɪˈspæʧɪŋ/
    tiêu diệt, gửi đi
  • /ˈmɒdɪst səkˈsɛs/
    thành công khiêm tốn
  • /ˈhɛlθi liːvz/
    lá khỏe mạnh
  • /ˈkɛmɪkəl spreɪz/
    thuốc phun hóa học
  • /ˈdrɔːbæk/
    nhược điểm
  • /ˈskɛptɪsɪzəm/
    sự hoài nghi
  • /ˈwæksi ˈkəʊtɪd/
    được phủ sáp
  • /skeɪl ˈɪnsɛkts/
    rệp vảy
  • /kənˈsɪdərəbl ˈdæmɪdʒ/
    thiệt hại đáng kể
  • /ˈhʌnɪdjuː/
    dịch ngọt (do rệp tiết ra)
  • /sɪˈkriːt/
    tiết ra
  • /dɪˈnaɪd/
    phủ nhận
  • /prəˈlɪfəreɪt/
    sinh sôi nảy nở
  • /ˈpærəsaɪtaɪzd/
    bị ký sinh
  • /ˈlɪmɪts ðə hɑːrm/
    giới hạn tác hại
  • /kɑːrˈnɪvərəs/
    ăn thịt
  • /ˈpɔɪzənəs ˈkɛmɪkəlz/
    hóa chất độc hại
  • /meɪnˈteɪn ə ˈbɛtər ˈbæləns/
    duy trì sự cân bằng tốt hơn
  • /ˈprɛdətəri ˈspiːʃiːz/
    loài săn mồi
  • /kiːp daʊn ðə ˈnʌmbərz/
    kiểm soát số lượng
  • /ˈeɪfɪdz/
    rệp vừng
  • /ɪn ðə lɒŋ rʌn/
    về lâu dài
  • /ˌɛkskəˌmjuːnɪˈkeɪʃən/
    sự rút phép thông công
  • symbiosis /ˌsɪmbaɪˈoʊsɪs/ mở rộng
    cộng sinh
  • ecology /iˈkɒlədʒi/ mở rộng
    sinh thái học
  • ecosystem /ˈiːkəʊˌsɪstəm/ mở rộng
    hệ sinh thái
  • /ˈæɡrɪkʌltʃər/
    nông nghiệp
  • horticulture /ˈhɔːrtɪkʌltʃər/ mở rộng
    nghề làm vườn
  • /ˈbɒtəni/
    thực vật học
  • entomology /ˌɛntəˈmɒlədʒi/ mở rộng
    côn trùng học
  • pesticide /ˈpɛstɪsaɪd/ mở rộng
    thuốc trừ sâu
  • herbicide /ˈhɜːrbɪsaɪd/ mở rộng
    thuốc diệt cỏ
  • fungicide /ˈfʌndʒɪsaɪd/ mở rộng
    thuốc diệt nấm
  • organic farming /ɔːrˈɡænɪk ˈfɑːrmɪŋ/ mở rộng
    canh tác hữu cơ
  • integrated pest management (IPM) /ˈɪntɪɡreɪtɪd pɛst ˈmænɪdʒmənt/ mở rộng
    quản lý dịch hại tổng hợp
  • monoculture /ˈmɒnəʊkʌltʃər/ mở rộng
    độc canh
  • polyculture /ˈpɒlɪkʌltʃər/ mở rộng
    đa canh
  • crop rotation /krɒp rəʊˈteɪʃən/ mở rộng
    luân canh
  • fertile /ˈfɜːrtaɪl/ mở rộng
    màu mỡ
  • larva /ˈlɑːrvə/ mở rộng
    ấu trùng (số ít)
  • pupae /ˈpjuːpiː/ mở rộng
    nhộng (số nhiều)
  • metamorphosis /ˌmɛtəˈmɔːrfəsɪs/ mở rộng
    sự biến thái
  • pollination /ˌpɒlɪˈneɪʃən/ mở rộng
    sự thụ phấn
  • colony /ˈkɒləni/ mở rộng
    bầy, đàn
  • caste /kɑːst/ mở rộng
    đẳng cấp (trong xã hội côn trùng)
  • queen ant /kwiːn ænt/ mở rộng
    kiến chúa
  • worker ant /ˈwɜːrkər ænt/ mở rộng
    kiến thợ
  • drone /drəʊn/ mở rộng
    ong đực

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