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Age-proofing our Brains – IELTS Reading

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Đề đọc IELTS Reading “Age-proofing our Brains” – Chống lão hóa cho não bộ. Gồm 10 câu (chọn nhiều đáp án, nối thông tin, trắc nghiệm chọn một), 144 từ vựng…

IELTS Academic Reading 13 câu hỏi

Age-proofing our Brains

A. While it may not be possible to completely age-proof our brains, a brave new world of anti-aging research shows that our gray matter may be far more flexible than we thought. So no one, no matter how old, has to lose their mind. The brain has often been called the three-pound universe. It’s our most powerful and mysterious organ, the seat of the self, laced with as many billions of neurons as the galaxy has stars. No wonder the mere notion of an aging, failing brain—and the prospect of memory loss, confusion, and the unraveling of our personality—is so terrifying. As Mark Williams, M.D., author of The American Geriatrics Society’s Complete Guide to Aging and Health, says, “The fear of dementia is stronger than the fear of death itself.” Yet the degeneration of the brain is far from inevitable. “Its design features are such that it should continue to function for a lifetime,” says Zaven Khachaturian, Ph.D., director of the Alzheimer's Association’s Ronald and Nancy Reagan Research Institute. “There’s no reason to expect it to deteriorate with age, even though many of us are living longer lives.”

B. In fact, scientists’ view of the brain’s potential is rapidly changing, according to Stanford University neuroscientist Robert Sapolsky, Ph.D. “Thirty-five years ago we thought Alzheimer’s disease was a dramatic version of normal aging. Now we realize it’s a disease with a distinct pathology. In fact, some people simply don’t experience any mental decline, so we’ve begun to study them.” Antonio Damasio, M.D., Ph.D., head of the Department of Neurology at the University of Iowa and author of Descartes’ Error, concurs. “Older people can continue to have extremely rich and healthy mental lives.”

C. The seniors were tested in 1988 and again in 1991. Four factors were found to be related to their mental fitness: levels of education and physical activity, lung function, and feelings of self-efficacy. “Each of these elements alters the way our brain functions,” says Marilyn Albert, Ph.D., of Harvard Medical School, and colleagues from Yale, Duke, and Brandeis Universities and the Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, who hypothesizes that regular exercise may actually stimulate blood flow to the brain and nerve growth, both of which create more densely branched neurons, rendering the neurons stronger and better able to resist disease. Moderate aerobic exercise, including long brisk walks and frequently climbing stairs, will accomplish this.

D. Education also seems to enhance brain function. People who have challenged themselves with at least a college education may actually stimulate the neurons in their brains. Moreover, native intelligence may protect our brains. It’s possible that smart people begin life with a greater number of neurons, and therefore have a greater reserve to fall back on if some begin to fail. “If you have a lot of neurons and keep them busy, you may be able to tolerate more damage to your brain before it shows,” says Peter Davies, M.D., of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in the Bronx, New York. Early linguistic ability also seems to help our brains later in life. A recent study in the New England Journal of Medicine looked at 93 elderly nuns and examined the autobiographies they had written 60 years earlier, just as they were joining a convent. The nuns whose essays were complex and dense with ideas remained sharp into their eighties and nineties.

E. Finally, personality seems to play an important role in protecting our mental prowess. A sense of self-efficacy may protect our brain, buffeting it from the harmful effects of stress. According to Albert, there’s evidence that elevated levels of stress hormones may harm brain cells and cause the hippocampus—a small seahorse-shaped organ that’s a crucial moderator of memory—to atrophy. A sense that we can effectively chart our own course in the world may retard the release of stress hormones and protect us as we age. “It's not a matter of whether you experience stress or not,” Albert concludes, “it’s your attitude toward it.” Reducing stress by meditating on a regular basis may buffer the brain as well. It also increases the activity of the brain’s pineal gland, the source of the antioxidant hormone melatonin, which regulates sleep and may retard the aging process. Studies at the University of Massachusetts Medical Center and the University of Western Ontario found that people who meditated regularly had higher levels of melatonin than those who took 5-milligram supplements. Another study, conducted jointly by Maharishi International University, Harvard University, and the University of Maryland, found that seniors who meditated for three months experienced dramatic improvements in their psychological well-being, compared to their non-meditative peers.

F. Animal studies confirm that both mental and physical activity boost brain fitness. At the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology in Urbana, Illinois, psychologist William Greenough, Ph.D., let some rats play with a profusion of toys. These rodents developed about 25 percent more connections between their neurons than did rats that didn’t get any mentally stimulating recreation. In addition, rats that exercised on a treadmill developed more capillaries in specific parts of their brains than did their sedentary counterparts. This increased the blood flow to their brains. “Clearly the message is to do as many different things as possible,” Greenough says.

G. It’s not just scientists who are catching the anti-aging fever. Walk into any health food store, and you’ll find nutritional formulas — with names like Brainstorm and Smart ALEC — that claim to sharpen mental ability. The book Smart Drugs & Nutrients, by Ward Dean, M.D., and John Morgenthaler, was self-published in 1990 and has sold over 120,000 copies worldwide. It has also spawned an underground network of people tweaking their own brain chemistry with nutrients and drugs — the latter sometimes obtained from Europe and Mexico. Sales of ginkgo — an extract from the leaves of the 200-million-year-old ginkgo tree, which has been shown in published studies to increase oxygen in the brain and ameliorate symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease — are up by 22 percent in the last six months alone, according to Paddy Spence, president of SPINS, a San Francisco-based market research firm. Indeed, products that increase and preserve mental performance are a small but emerging segment of the supplements industry, says Linda Gilbert, president of Health Focus, a company that researches consumer health trends. While neuroscientists like Khachaturian liken the use of these products to the superstition of tossing salt over your shoulder, the public is nevertheless gobbling up nutrients that promise cognitive enhancement.

Questions 28–31: Multiple answers (Chọn 4 đáp án)

Choose the FOUR correct letters (A–G). Which of the FOUR situations or conditions assist the brain’s function?

28-31

Questions 32–39: Matching (A–G)

Match each statement with the correct person (A–G).

A. Zaven Khachaturian B. William Greenough C. Marilyn Albert D. Robert Sapolsky E. Linda Gilbert F. Peter Davies G. Paddy Spence
32

Alzheimer’s was probably a kind of disease rather than a normal aging process.

33

Keeping neurons busy, people may be able to endure more harm to their brain.

34

Regular exercises boost blood flow to the brain and increase anti-disease disability.

35

Significant increase of Sales of ginkgo has been shown.

36

More links between their neurons are found among stimulated animals.

37

Effectiveness of the use of brain supplements can be of little scientific proof.

38

Heightened levels of stress may damage brain cells and cause part of the brain to deteriorate.

39

Products that upgrade and preserve mental competence are still a newly developing industry.

Question 40: Multiple choice

According to the passage, what is the most appropriate title for this passage?

40

According to the passage, what is the most appropriate title for this passage?

Từ vựng 144 từ

  • /eɪdʒ pruːf/
    Chống lão hóa
  • /ˌæntiˈeɪdʒɪŋ/
    Chống lão hóa
  • /rɪˈsɜːtʃ/
    Nghiên cứu
  • /ɡreɪ ˈmæt.ər/
    Chất xám (não bộ)
  • /ˈfleksəbl/
    Linh hoạt
  • /breɪn/
    Não
  • Lose one's mind /luːz wʌnz maɪnd/ mở rộng
    Mất trí, điên cuồng
  • /θriː paʊnd/
    Ba pound (trọng lượng của não)
  • /ˈjuː.nɪ.vɜːrs/
    Vũ trụ
  • /ˈpaʊər.fəl/
    Mạnh mẽ
  • /mɪˈstɪər.i.əs/
    Bí ẩn
  • /ˈɔːr.ɡən/
    Cơ quan
  • /siːt/
    Trung tâm, nơi trú ẩn
  • /self/
    Bản ngã
  • /leɪst wɪð/
    Được thấm đẫm, tràn đầy
  • /ˈnjʊə.rɒn/
    Nơ-ron
  • /ˈɡæl.ək.si/
    Thiên hà
  • /stɑːr/
    Ngôi sao
  • /ˈnoʊ.ʃən/
    Khái niệm
  • /ˈeɪdʒɪŋ/
    Lão hóa
  • /ˈfeɪ.lɪŋ/
    Suy giảm
  • /ˈmeməri lɒs/
    Mất trí nhớ
  • /kənˈfjuː.ʒən/
    Bối rối, lẫn lộn
  • /ʌnˈræv.əl.ɪŋ/
    Tan rã, bung tả
  • /ˌpɜː.səˈnæl.ɪ.ti/
    Tính cách
  • /dɪˈmen.ʃə/
    Sa sút trí tuệ
  • /dɪˌdʒen.əˈreɪ.ʃən/
    Sự thoái hóa
  • /ɪnˈev.ɪ.tə.bəl/
    Không thể tránh khỏi
  • /dɪˈzaɪn/
    Thiết kế
  • /ˈfiː.tʃər/
    Đặc điểm
  • /ˈfʌŋk.ʃən/
    Chức năng
  • /ˈlaɪf.taɪm/
    Cả đời
  • /dɪˈtɪə.ri.ə.reɪt/
    Suy giảm, thoái hóa
  • /ˈlɒŋ.ɡər/
    Lâu hơn, sống lâu hơn
  • /vjuː/
    Quan điểm
  • /pəˈten.ʃəl/
    Tiềm năng
  • /ˈræp.ɪd.li/
    Nhanh chóng
  • /ˈtʃeɪn.dʒɪŋ/
    Thay đổi
  • /ˌnjuː.roʊˈsaɪən.tɪst/
    Nhà khoa học thần kinh
  • /ˌælzhaɪˈmɜːrɪz dɪˈziːz/
    Bệnh Alzheimer
  • /drəˈmæt.ɪk/
    Kịch tính
  • /ˈnɔː.məl/
    Bình thường
  • /dɪˈstɪŋkt/
    Riêng biệt, rõ ràng
  • /pəˈθɒl.ə.dʒi/
    Bệnh lý
  • /dɪˈklaɪn/
    Sự suy giảm
  • /kənˈkɜːr/
    Đồng ý
  • /rɪtʃ/
    Phong phú
  • /ˈhel.θi/
    Khỏe mạnh
  • Mental life /ˈmen.təl laɪf/ mở rộng
    Đời sống tinh thần
  • /ˈsiː.njərz/
    Người cao tuổi
  • /ˈtes.tɪd/
    Được kiểm tra
  • /ˈfæk.tərz/
    Yếu tố
  • /ˈmen.təl ˈfɪt.nəs/
    Sức khỏe tinh thần
  • /ˌed.jʊˈkeɪ.ʃən/
    Giáo dục
  • /ˈfɪz.ɪ.kəl ækˈtɪv.ɪ.ti/
    Hoạt động thể chất
  • /lʌŋ ˈfʌŋk.ʃən/
    Chức năng phổi
  • /ˌself.ɪˈfɪk.ə.si/
    Khả năng tự tin, tự hiệu quả
  • /ˈɔːl.tərz/
    Thay đổi
  • /breɪn ˈfʌŋk.ʃənz/
    Chức năng não
  • /haɪˈpɒθ.ə.saɪzɪz/
    Đưa ra giả thuyết
  • /ˈreɡ.jə.lər/
    Thường xuyên
  • /ˈek.sə.saɪz/
    Tập thể dục
  • /ˈstɪm.jʊ.leɪt/
    Kích thích
  • /blʌd floʊ/
    Lưu lượng máu
  • /nɜːrv ɡroʊθ/
    Tăng trưởng thần kinh
  • /ˈdens.li brænʧt/
    Phân nhánh dày đặc
  • /ˈstrɒŋ.ɡər/
    Mạnh mẽ hơn
  • /rɪˈzɪst/
    Chống lại
  • /dɪˈziːz/
    Bệnh tật
  • /ˈmɒd.ər.ət/
    Ở mức vừa phải
  • /ˌeə.roʊˈbɪk/
    Bài tập aerobic
  • /brɪsk wɔːks/
    Đi bộ nhanh
  • /ˈklaɪ.mɪŋ steərz/
    Leo cầu thang
  • /ɪnˈhɑːns/
    Nâng cao, tăng cường
  • /breɪn ˈfʌŋk.ʃən/
    Chức năng não
  • Challenge oneself /ˈʧæl.ɪnʤ wʌnzɛlf/ mở rộng
    Thách thức bản thân
  • /ˈkɒl.ɪdʒ ˌed.jʊˈkeɪ.ʃən/
    Giáo dục đại học
  • /mɔːˈrəʊ.vər/
    Hơn nữa
  • /ˈneɪ.tɪv ɪnˈtel.ɪ.dʒəns/
    Trí thông minh bẩm sinh
  • /prəˈtekt/
    Bảo vệ
  • /rɪˈzɜːrv/
    Dự trữ
  • /fɔːl bæk ɒn/
    Dựa vào, dự phòng
  • /ˈtɒl.ər.eɪt/
    Chịu đựng, chịu được
  • /ˈdæm.ɪdʒ/
    Hư hỏng, thiệt hại
  • /ʃoʊz/
    Thể hiện
  • /lɪŋˈɡwɪs.tɪk əˈbɪl.ɪ.ti/
    Khả năng ngôn ngữ
  • /ˈleɪ.tər ɪn laɪf/
    Sau này, về sau
  • /ˌɔː.təʊ.baɪˈɒɡ.rə.fi/
    Tự truyện
  • /ˈkɒn.vənt/
    Tu viện
  • /ˈkɒm.pleks/
    Phức tạp
  • /dens/
    Dày đặc
  • /aɪˈdɪəz/
    Ý tưởng
  • /ʃɑːrp/
    Sắc bén, minh mẫn
  • /ˈeɪ.tiˌiz/
    Độ tuổi 80
  • /ˈnaɪn.tiˌiz/
    Độ tuổi 90
  • /ˌpɜː.səˈnæl.ɪ.ti/
    Tính cách
  • /ˈpraʊ.əs/
    Khả năng vượt trội
  • /ˈbʌf.ɪ.tɪŋ/
    Che chở, bảo vệ
  • /ˈhɑːrm.fəl ɪˈfekts/
    Tác động có hại
  • /stres/
    Căng thẳng
  • /ˈev.ɪ.dəns/
    Bằng chứng
  • /ˈɛl.ɪ.veɪ.tɪd/
    Tăng cao
  • /stres ˈhɔːr.moʊnz/
    Hormone căng thẳng
  • /breɪn sɛlz/
    Tế bào não
  • /ˌhɪp.əˈkæm.pəs/
    Vùng hippocampus
  • /ˈsiː.hɔːrs ʃeɪpt/
    Hình như cá ngựa
  • /ˈkruː.ʃəl/
    Thiết yếu
  • /ˈmɒd.ə.reɪ.tər/
    Người điều tiết
  • /əˈtroʊ.fi/
    Teo (mất cơ, teo não)
  • /ʧɑːrt aʊər oʊn kɔːrs/
    Tự định hướng
  • /rɪˈtɑːrd/
    Làm chậm lại
  • /rɪˈliːs/
    Giải phóng, tiết ra
  • /ˈæt.ɪ.tjuːd/
    Thái độ
  • Meditate /ˈmed.ɪ.teɪt/ mở rộng
    Thiền định
  • /ˈbʌf.ər/
    Làm giảm tác động
  • /pɪˈniː.əl ɡlænd/
    Tuyến tùng
  • /ˌæntiˈɒk.sɪ.dənt/
    Chất chống oxy hóa
  • /ˌmɛl.əˈtoʊ.nɪn/
    Melatonin
  • /ˈreɡ.jʊ.leɪt/
    Điều hòa
  • /sliːp/
    Giấc ngủ
  • /ˈeɪdʒɪŋ ˈprəʊ.ses/
    Quá trình lão hóa
  • /ˈsʌp.lɪ.mənts/
    Thực phẩm bổ sung
  • /ˌsaɪ.kəˈlɒdʒ.ɪ.kəl ˈwɛl.biː.ɪŋ/
    Sức khỏe tinh thần
  • /ˈæn.ɪ.məl ˈstʌd.iz/
    Nghiên cứu trên động vật
  • /kənˈfɜːrm/
    Xác nhận
  • Mental activity /ˈmen.təl ækˈtɪv.ɪ.ti/ mở rộng
    Hoạt động tinh thần
  • /buːst/
    Tăng cường
  • /breɪn ˈfɪt.nəs/
    Sức khỏe não bộ
  • /ˈɪn.stɪ.tuːt/
    Viện
  • /ədˈvɑːnst/
    Tiên tiến
  • /ˈsaɪ.əns/
    Khoa học
  • /tekˈnɒl.ə.dʒi/
    Công nghệ
  • /saɪˈkɒl.ə.dʒɪst/
    Nhà tâm lý học
  • /prəˈfjuː.ʒən/
    Sự phong phú
  • /ˈroʊ.dənts/
    Động vật gặm nhấm
  • /ˈtrɛd.mɪl/
    Máy chạy bộ
  • /kəˈpɪl.ər.iz/
    Mao mạch
  • /ˈsed.ən.tɛri/
    Ít vận động
  • /nuːˈtrɪʃ.ən.əl ˈfɔːr.mjʊ.ləz/
    Công thức dinh dưỡng
  • /self pʌbˈlɪʃt/
    Tự xuất bản
  • /spɔːnd/
    Sinh ra, nảy sinh
  • /ˈɡɪŋ.koʊ/
    Cây ginkgo (bạch quả)
  • /əˈmiː.li.ə.reɪt/
    Cải thiện
  • /ˈkɒɡ.nɪ.tɪv ɪnˈhæn.smənt/
    Tăng cường nhận thức

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