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Semantics – IELTS Reading

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Đề đọc IELTS Reading “Semantics” – Ngữ nghĩa học. Gồm 14 câu (trắc nghiệm, Yes/No/Not Given, điền từ), 150 từ vựng, đáp án chi tiết & dịch tiếng Việt từng…

IELTS Academic Reading 14 câu hỏi

Semantics

A. Semantics, in general, is the subdivision of linguistics concerned with meaning. Semantics attempts the systematic study of the assignment of meanings to minimal meaning-bearing elements and the combination of these in the production of more complex meaningful expressions. Elementary word groups may be combined in a relationship of content, forming thematic groups and semantic and lexical “fields”. For example, all the means of expressing the concept of joy in a given language constitute the lexical-semantic field “joy”. Because of the trained patterns of response, people listen more respectfully to the health advice of someone who has “MD” after his name than to that of someone who hasn’t. A “pattern of reactions”, then, is the sum of the ways we act in response to events, to words, and to symbols.

B. Words and word meanings are one of the most important information cues used in speaking and understanding, as well as in reading. Indeed, a person’s life experience and cultural experience (even reading comic strips) are most relevant to the development of linguistic “meaning making” in any language, which is very important in the communication process. Words from a person’s native language and culture perspective can carry special associations. For instance, the Spanish words for hammock, tobacco, and potato are derived from Tamo words for these items. Therefore, when people’s semantic habits are reasonably similar to those of most people around them, they are regarded as “normal” or perhaps “dull”. If their semantic habits are noticeably different from those of others, they are regarded as “individualistic” or “original”, or, if the differences are disapproved of or viewed with alarm, as “crazy”.

C. A definition states the meaning of a word using other words. It is clear that to define a word, as a dictionary does, is simply to explain the word with more words. However, defining words with more words usually gets people (especially children) at once into what mathematicians call an “infinite regress”, an infinite series of occurrences or concepts. For example, it can lead people into the kind of run-around that people sometimes encounter when they look up “impertinence” and find it defined as “impudence”, so they look up “impudence” and find it defined as “impertinence”. Yet—and here we come to another common reaction pattern—people often act as if words can be explained fully with more words. To a person who asked for a definition of jazz, Louis Armstrong is said to have replied, “If you have to ask what jazz is, you’ll never know”, proving himself to be an intuitive semanticist as well as a great trumpet player.

D. Semantics, then, seeks the “operational” definition instead of the dictionary. Bridgman, the 1946 Nobel Prize winner and physicist, once wrote, “The true meaning of a term is to be found by observing what a man does with it, not by what he says about it.” He made an enormous contribution to science by showing that the meaning of a scientific term lies in the operations, the things done, that establish its validity, rather than in verbal definitions. An example of operational definition of the term “weight” of an object, operationalized to a degree, would be the following: “weight is the numbers that appear when that object is placed on a weighing scale”. According to it, when one starts reading the numbers on the scale, it would more fully make an operational definition. But if people say—and revolutionists have started uprisings with just this statement—“Man is born free, but everywhere he is in chains!”—what operations could we perform to demonstrate its accuracy or inaccuracy?

E. Next, if this suggestion of “operationalism” is pulled outside the physical sciences where Bridgman applied it, what “operations” are people expected to perform as the result of both the language they use and the language other people use in communicating to them? Here is a personnel manager studying an application form. He comes to the words “Education: Harvard University”, and drops the application form in the wastebasket (that’s the “operation”) because, as he would say if you asked him, “I don’t like Harvard men”. This is an instance of “meaning” at work—but it is not a meaning that can be found in dictionaries.

F. So far as we know, human beings are the only creatures that have, over and above that biological equipment which we have in common with other creatures, the additional capacity for manufacturing symbols and systems of symbols. When we react to a flag, we are not reacting simply to a piece of cloth, but to the meaning with which it has been symbolically endowed. When we react to a word, we are not reacting to a set of sounds, but to the meaning with which that set of sounds has been symbolically endowed. As a matter of fact, how sound symbolism is processed in our brains has not yet been fully explained in the field.

G. Simply put, the key point of semantics lies in, not the words’ definition, but our own semantic reactions, which occur when we respond to things the way they “should” be, rather than to the way they are. If a person was to tell a shockingly obscene story in Arabic or Hindustani or Swahili before an audience that understood only English, no one would blush or be angry; the story would be neither shocking nor obscene—indeed, it would not even be a story. Likewise, the value of a dollar bill is not in the bill, but in our social agreement to accept it as a symbol of value. If that agreement were to break down through the collapse of our government, the dollar bill would become only a scrap of paper. We do not understand a dollar bill by staring at it long and hard. We understand it by observing how people act with respect to it. We understand it by understanding the social mechanisms and the loyalties that keep it meaningful. Therefore, semantics belongs to social studies and potentially underpins the integrity of the social sciences.

Questions 27–31

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

27

What point is made in the first paragraph?

28

According to the second paragraph, people are judged by

29

What point is made in the third paragraph?

30

What does the writer suggest about Louis Armstrong?

31

What does the writer intend to show with the example of the “personnel manager”?

Questions 32–35

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage?

32

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage?

33

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage?

34

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage?

35

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage?

Questions 36–40

Complete each sentence with the correct ending, below. Write the correct letter, A–H, in boxes 36–40 on your answer sheet.

36

A comic strip

37

A dictionary

38

Bridgman

39

A story in a language the audience cannot understand

40

A dollar bill without public acceptance

Từ vựng 150 từ

  • /sɪˈmæn.tɪks/
    ngữ nghĩa học
  • /sʌb.dɪˈvɪʒ.ən/
    sự phân chia
  • /lɪŋˈɡwɪs.tɪks/
    ngôn ngữ học
  • /ˈmiː.nɪŋ/
    ý nghĩa
  • /ˌsɪs.təˈmæt.ɪk/
    có hệ thống
  • /əˈsaɪn.mənt/
    sự phân bổ
  • /ˈmɪn.ɪ.məl/
    tối thiểu
  • /ˈmiː.nɪŋ-ˈbeər.ɪŋ/
    mang ý nghĩa
  • /ˈel.ɪ.mənts/
    yếu tố
  • /ˌkɒm.bɪˈneɪ.ʃən/
    sự kết hợp
  • /prəˈdʌk.ʃən/
    sự tạo ra
  • /ˈkɒm.pleks/
    phức tạp
  • /ɪkˈspreʃ.ənz/
    biểu thức
  • /ˌel.ɪˈmen.tər.i/
    cơ bản
  • /wɜːd ɡruːps/
    nhóm từ
  • /θɪˈmæt.ɪk/
    thuộc về chủ đề
  • /ˈlek.sɪ.kəl/
    từ vựng
  • /fiːldz/
    lĩnh vực
  • /ˈkɒn.sept/
    khái niệm
  • /dʒɔɪ/
    niềm vui
  • /riˈæk.ʃənz/
    phản ứng
  • /wɜːdz/
    từ
  • /ˈmiː.nɪŋz/
    ý nghĩa
  • /ˌɪn.fəˈmeɪ.ʃən/
    thông tin
  • /kjuːz/
    dấu hiệu
  • /ˈspiː.kɪŋ/
    nói
  • /ˌʌn.dərˈstæn.dɪŋ/
    sự hiểu biết
  • /ˈriː.dɪŋ/
    việc đọc
  • /ɪkˈspɪər.i.əns/
    kinh nghiệm
  • /ˈkʌl.tʃər.əl/
    văn hóa
  • /ˈkɒm.ɪk strɪps/
    truyện tranh
  • /dɪˈvel.əp.mənt/
    sự phát triển
  • /ˈmiː.nɪŋ ˈmeɪ.kɪŋ/
    quá trình tạo ý nghĩa
  • /kəˌmjuː.nɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/
    giao tiếp
  • /ˈneɪ.tɪv/
    bản địa
  • /ˌæs.əˈseɪ.ʃənz/
    mối liên hệ
  • /dɪˈraɪvd/
    được dẫn xuất
  • /ˈhæb.ɪts/
    thói quen
  • /ˈnɔː.məl/
    bình thường
  • /dʌl/
    nhàm chán
  • /ˌɪn.dɪ.vɪdʒ.uˈæl.ɪs.tɪk/
    mang tính cá nhân
  • /ˈkreɪ.zi/
    điên rồ
  • /ˌdef.ɪˈnɪʃ.ən/
    định nghĩa
  • /steɪts/
    tuyên bố
  • /ˈjuː.zɪŋ/
    sử dụng
  • /dɪˈfaɪn/
    định nghĩa
  • /ˈdɪk.ʃə.nɛr.i/
    từ điển
  • /ɪkˈspleɪn/
    giải thích
  • /haʊˈɛv.ər/
    tuy nhiên
  • /dɪˈfaɪ.nɪŋ/
    việc định nghĩa
  • /ˈtʃɪl.drən/
    trẻ em
  • /ɪnˈfɪn.ɪt/
    vô hạn
  • /rɪˈɡres/
    sự lặp lại vô hạn
  • /ˈsɪər.iz/
    chuỗi
  • /əˈkɜː.rənsɪz/
    sự xảy ra
  • /ˈkɒn.septs/
    khái niệm
  • /ˈrʌn əˈraʊnd/
    vòng vo
  • /ˌɪm.pəˈtɪn.səns/
    sự xâm phạm
  • /ˈɪm.pjuː.dəns/
    sự táo bạo
  • /riˈæk.ʃən/
    phản ứng
  • /ˈfʊl.i/
    hoàn toàn
  • /rɪˈplaɪd/
    đã trả lời
  • /ɪnˈtjuː.ɪ.tɪv/
    mang tính trực giác
  • /siːks/
    tìm kiếm
  • /ˌɒp.ərˈeɪ.ʃən.əl/
    mang tính vận hành
  • /ˌdef.ɪˈnɪʃ.ən/
    định nghĩa
  • /ˈdɪk.ʃə.nɛr.i/
    từ điển
  • /ˈbrɪdʒ.mən/
    Bridgman (tên riêng)
  • /ˈnoʊ.bəl praɪz/
    giải Nobel
  • /ˈfɪz.ɪ.sɪst/
    nhà vật lý
  • /roʊt/
    đã viết
  • /truː/
    thật sự
  • /tɜːm/
    thuật ngữ
  • /əbˈzɜː.vɪŋ/
    quan sát
  • /ˌkɒn.trɪˈbjuː.ʃən/
    đóng góp
  • /ˌsaɪ.ənˈtɪf.ɪk/
    thuộc về khoa học
  • /ˌɒp.əˈreɪ.ʃənz/
    các hoạt động
  • /ɪˈstæb.lɪʃ/
    thiết lập
  • /vəˈlɪd.ɪ.ti/
    tính hợp lệ
  • /ˈvɜː.bəl/
    bằng lời
  • /weɪt/
    trọng lượng
  • /ˈɒb.dʒekt/
    vật thể
  • /ˈweɪ.ɪŋ skeɪl/
    cân (đo trọng lượng)
  • /ˈæk.jʊr.ə.si/
    độ chính xác
  • /nɛkst/
    tiếp theo
  • /səˈdʒes.tʃən/
    gợi ý
  • /ˌɒp.ərˌeɪ.ʃəˈnɪz.əm/
    chủ nghĩa vận hành
  • /pʊld/
    kéo ra
  • /ˈfɪz.ɪ.kəl/
    vật lý
  • /ˈsaɪ.ənsɪz/
    khoa học
  • /əˈplaɪd/
    áp dụng
  • /rɪˈzʌlt/
    kết quả
  • /ˈlæŋ.ɡwɪdʒ/
    ngôn ngữ
  • /kəˈmjuː.nɪ.keɪ.tɪŋ/
    giao tiếp
  • /pərˈsɛl.ən/
    nhân sự
  • /ˈmæn.ɪ.dʒər/
    quản lý
  • /ˈstʌd.i.ɪŋ/
    nghiên cứu
  • /ˌæp.lɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/
    đơn xin
  • /fɔːrm/
    mẫu
  • /ˈweɪstˌbæs.kɪt/
    thùng rác
  • /drɒps/
    vứt đi
  • /bɪˈkɒz/
    bởi vì
  • Dislike /dɪsˈlaɪk/ mở rộng
    không thích
  • /ˈɪn.stəns/
    trường hợp
  • /ˈdɪk.ʃə.nɛr.iz/
    từ điển
  • /ˈhjuː.mən ˈbiː.ɪŋz/
    con người
  • /ˈkriː.tʃərz/
    sinh vật
  • /ˌbaɪ.əˈlɒdʒ.ɪ.kəl/
    sinh học
  • /ɪˈkwɪp.mənt/
    trang thiết bị
  • /ˈkɒm.ən/
    chung
  • /əˈdɪʃ.ə.nəl/
    bổ sung
  • /kəˈpæs.ɪ.ti/
    khả năng
  • /ˌmæn.jʊˈfæk.tʃər.ɪŋ/
    sản xuất
  • /ˈsɪm.bəlz/
    biểu tượng
  • /ˈsɪs.təmz/
    hệ thống
  • /riˈækt/
    phản ứng
  • /flæɡ/
    lá cờ
  • /piːs/
    mảnh, miếng
  • /klɒθ/
    vải
  • /sɪmˈbɒl.ɪ.kəl.i/
    theo biểu tượng
  • /ɪnˈdaʊd/
    được ban cho
  • /set/
    tập hợp
  • /saʊndz/
    âm thanh
  • /ˈprəʊ.sest/
    được xử lý
  • /ɪkˈspleɪnd/
    được giải thích
  • /fiːld/
    lĩnh vực
  • /ˈsɪm.plɪ/
    đơn giản
  • /kiː/
    then chốt
  • /pɔɪnt/
    điểm quan trọng
  • /laɪz/
    nằm, tồn tại
  • /ˌdef.ɪˈnɪʃ.ən/
    định nghĩa
  • /sɪˈmæn.tɪk/
    thuộc về ngữ nghĩa
  • /riˈæk.ʃənz/
    phản ứng
  • /əˈkɜːr/
    xảy ra
  • /rɪˈspɒnd/
    đáp lại
  • /ʃʊd/
    nên
  • /ˈʃɒk.ɪŋ.li/
    một cách gây sốc
  • /əbˈsiːn/
    tục tĩu
  • /ˈær.ə.bɪk/
    tiếng Ả Rập
  • /ˌhɪn.dʌˈstæn.i/
    tiếng Hindustani
  • /swəˈhɪl.i/
    tiếng Swahili
  • /ˈɔː.di.əns/
    khán giả
  • /blʌʃ/
    đỏ mặt
  • /ˈsəʊ.ʃəl/
    xã hội
  • /əˈɡriː.mənt/
    sự đồng thuận
  • /ˈsɪm.bəl/
    biểu tượng
  • /ˈvæl.juː/
    giá trị
  • /ˈlɔɪ.əl.tiz/
    lòng trung thành
  • /ˈmek.ə.nɪ.zəmz/
    cơ chế
  • /ɪnˈteɡ.rə.ti/
    sự toàn vẹn, liêm chính

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