Trang chủ Reading The dugong: sea cow – IELTS Reading

The dugong: sea cow – IELTS Reading

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Đề đọc IELTS Reading “The dugong: sea cow” – Cá cúi: loài bò biển. Gồm 13 câu (điền từ, True/False/Not Given), 124 từ vựng, đáp án chi tiết & dịch tiếng Việt…

IELTS Academic Reading 13 câu hỏi

Cách làm bài

Điền từ (completion)

  • Tuân thủ giới hạn số từ của đề (ví dụ “NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS”). Vượt quá là sai.
  • Chép chính xác từ trong bài, đúng chính tả và đúng dạng (số ít/nhiều, thì).
  • Dự đoán LOẠI TỪ cần điền (danh từ, động từ, số…) dựa vào ngữ pháp của chỗ trống trước khi tìm.

True / False / Not Given (theo thông tin bài)

  • TRUE = đúng với thông tin trong bài; FALSE = trái ngược/không thể đúng cùng lúc với bài; NOT GIVEN = bài không cung cấp thông tin.
  • Câu hỏi đi theo thứ tự đoạn văn — định vị bằng từ khóa rồi đối chiếu từng chi tiết.
  • Cảnh giác từ tuyệt đối (all, only, never, always): chỉ cần một chi tiết lệch là FALSE.
  • Không suy diễn bằng kiến thức ngoài bài — chỉ dựa vào những gì đoạn văn viết ra.

Chung

  • Không đọc kỹ toàn bài trước — đọc lướt lấy ý, rồi dùng câu hỏi dẫn đường (scan/skim).
  • Quản lý thời gian: mỗi bài đọc ~20 phút. Câu khó thì đánh dấu, làm tiếp rồi quay lại.

The dugong: sea cow

Mở đầu Dugongs are herbivorous mammals that spend their entire lives in the sea. Their close relatives the manatees also venture into or live in fresh water. Together dugongs and manatees make up the order Sirenia or sea cows, so-named because dugongs and manatees are thought to have given rise to the myth of the mermaids or sirens of the sea.

A. The dugong, which is a large marine mammal which, together with the manatees, looks rather like a cross between a rotund dolphin and a walrus. Its body, flippers and fluke resemble those of a dolphin but it has no dorsal fin. Its head looks somewhat like that of a walrus without the long tusks.

B. Dugongs, along with other Sirenians whose diet consists mainly of sea-grass; and the distribution of dugongs very closely follows that of these marine flowering plants. As seagrasses grow rooted in the sediment, they are limited by the availability of light. Consequently they are found predominantly in shallow coastal waters, and so too are dugongs. But, this is not the whole story. Dugongs do not eat all species of seagrass, preferring seagrass of higher nitrogen and lower fibre content.

C. Due to their poor eyesight, dugongs often use smell to locate edible plants. They also have a strong tactile sense, and feel their surroundings with their long sensitive bristles. They will dig up an entire plant and then shake it to remove the sand before eating it. They have been known to collect a pile of plants in one area before eating them. The flexible and muscular upper lip is used to dig out the plants. When eating they ingest the whole plant, including the roots, although when this is impossible they will feed on just the leaves. A wide variety of seagrass has been found in dugong stomach contents, and evidence exists they will eat algae when seagrass is scarce. Although almost completely herbivorous, they will occasionally eat invertebrates such as jellyfish, sea squirts, and shellfish.

D. A heavily grazed seagrass bed looks like a lawn mown by a drunk. Dugongs graze apparently at random within a seagrass bed, their trails meandering in all directions across the bottom. This is rather an inefficient means of removing seagrass that results in numerous small tufts remaining. And this is where the dugongs derive some advantage from their inefficiency. The species that recover most quickly from this disturbance, spreading out vegetatively from the remaining tufts, are those that dugongs like to eat. In addition, the new growth found in these areas tends to be exactly what hungry dugongs like.

E. Dugongs are semi-nomadic, often travelling long distances in search of food, but staying within a certain range their entire life. Large numbers often move together from one area to another. It is thought that these movements are caused by changes in seagrass availability. Their memory allows them to return to specific points after long travels. Dugong movements mostly occur within a localised area of seagrass beds, and animals in the same region show individualistic patterns of movement.

F. Recorded numbers of dugongs are generally believed to be lower than actual numbers, due to a lack of accurate surveys. Despite this, the dugong population is thought to be shrinking, with a worldwide decline of 20 per cent in the last 90 years. They have disappeared from the waters of Hong Kong, Mauritius, and Taiwan, as well as parts of Cambodia, Japan, the Philippines and Vietnam. Further disappearances are likely. (In the late 1960s, herds of up to 500 dugongs were observed off the coast of East Africa and nearby islands. However, current populations in this area are extremely small, numbering 50 and below, and it is thought likely they will become extinct. The eastern side of the Red Sea is the home of large populations numbering in the hundreds, and similar populations are thought to exist on the western side. In the 1980s, it was estimated there could be as many as 4,000 dugongs in the Red Sea. The Persian Gulf has the second-largest dugong population in the world, inhabiting most of the southern coast, and the current population is believed to be around 7,500. Australia is home to the largest population, stretching from Shark Bay in Western Australia to Moreton Bay in Queensland. The population of Shark Bay is thought to be stable with over 10,000 dugongs.)

G. Experience from various parts of northern Australia suggests that extreme weather such as cyclones and floods can destroy hundreds of square kilometres of seagrass meadows, as well as washing dugongs ashore. The recovery of seagrass meadows can take over a decade. For example, about 900 km2 of seagrass was lost in Hervey Bay in 1992, probably because of murky water from flooding of local rivers, and run-off turbulence from a cyclone three weeks later. Such events can cause extensive damage to seagrass communities through severe wave action, shifting sand and reduction in saltiness and light levels. Prior to the 1992 floods, the extensive seagrasses in Hervey Bay supported an estimated 1750 dugongs. Eight months after the floods the affected area was estimated to support only about 70 dugongs. Most animals presumably survived by moving to neighbouring areas. However, many died attempting to move to greener pastures, with emaciated carcasses washing up on beaches up to 900km away.

H. If dugongs do not get enough to eat they may calve later and produce fewer young. Food shortages can be caused by many factors, such as a loss of habitat, death and decline in quality of seagrass, and a disturbance of feeding caused by human activity. Sewage, detergents, heavy metal, hypersaline water, herbicides, and other waste products all negatively affect seagrass meadows. Human activity such as mining, trawling, dredging, land-reclamation, and boat propeller scarring also cause an increase in sedimentation which smothers seagrass and prevents light from reaching it. This is the most significant negative factor affecting seagrass. One of the dugong's preferred species of seagrass, Halophila ovalis, declines rapidly due to lack of light, dying completely after 30 days.

I. Despite being legally protected in many countries, the main causes of population decline remain anthropogenic and include hunting, habitat degradation, and fishing-related fatalities. Entanglement in fishing nets has caused many deaths, although there are no precise statistics. Most issues with industrial fishing occur in deeper waters where dugong populations are low, with local fishing being the main risk in shallower waters. As dugongs cannot stay underwater for a very long period, they are highly prone to deaths due to entanglement. The use of shark nets has historically caused large numbers of deaths, and they have been eliminated in most areas and replaced with baited hooks.

Questions 1–4

Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Dugongs are herbivorous mammals that spend their entire lives in the sea. Yet dugongs are picky about the seagrass they feed on, and only choose seagrass with higher (1) ____ and lower fibre. To compensate for their poor eyesight, they use their (2) ____ to feel their surroundings. It is like dugongs are "farming" seagrass. They often leave (3) ____ randomly in all directions across the sea bed. Dugongs prefer eating the newly grown seagrass recovering from the tiny (4) ____ left behind by the grazing dugongs.

1

...only choose seagrass with higher (1) ____ and lower fibre.

2

To compensate for their poor eyesight, they use their (2) ____ to feel their surroundings.

3

They often leave (3) ____ randomly in all directions across the sea bed.

4

Dugongs prefer eating the newly grown seagrass recovering from the tiny (4) ____ left behind by the grazing dugongs.

Questions 5–9

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the Reading Passage? Write TRUE if the statement is true, FALSE if the statement is false, NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage.

5

The dugong will keep eating up the plant completely when they begin to feed.

6

It takes more than ten years for the re-growth of seagrass where it has been grazed by Dugongs.

7

Even in facing food shortages, the strong individuals will not compete with weak small ones for food.

8

It is thought that the dugong rarely return to the old habitats when they finished plant.

9

Coastal industrial fishing poses the greatest danger to dugongs which are prone to be killed due to entanglement.

Questions 10–13

Answer the questions below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.

10

What is Dugong in resemblance to yet as people can easily tell them apart from the manatees by its tail?

11

What is the major reason as Dugongs travelled long distances in herds from one place to another?

12

What number, has estimated to be, of dugong population before the 1992 floods in Hervey Bay took place?

13

What is thought to be the lethal danger when dugongs were often trapped in?

Từ vựng 124 từ

  • /ˈduːɡɒŋ/
    cá cúi (bò biển)
  • /hɜːrˈbɪvərəs/
    ăn cỏ
  • /ˈmæməlz/
    động vật có vú
  • /ɪnˈtaɪər/
    toàn bộ
  • /ˈmænətiːz/
    lợn biển
  • /ˈvɛntʃər ˈɪntuː/
    mạo hiểm đi vào
  • /frɛʃ ˈwɔːtər/
    nước ngọt
  • order (biology) /ˈɔːrdər/ mở rộng
    bộ (sinh học)
  • /saɪˈriːniə/
    Bộ Bò biển
  • /siː kaʊz/
    bò biển
  • gave rise to /ɡeɪv raɪz tuː/ mở rộng
    làm nảy sinh
  • /mɪθ/
    thần thoại
  • /ˈmɜːrmeɪdz/
    nàng tiên cá
  • /ˈsaɪərənz/
    mỹ nhân ngư
  • /məˈriːn/
    (thuộc) biển
  • /rəʊˈtʌnd/
    tròn trịa, mập mạp
  • /ˈdɒlfɪn/
    cá heo
  • /ˈwɔːlrəs/
    hải mã
  • /ˈflɪpərz/
    chân chèo
  • /fluːk/
    đuôi (cá voi/cá heo)
  • /ˈdɔːrsəl fɪn/
    vây lưng
  • /tʌsks/
    ngà (voi, hải mã)
  • /ˈdaɪət/
    chế độ ăn
  • /siː ɡræs/
    cỏ biển
  • /ˌdɪstrɪˈbjuːʃən/
    sự phân bố
  • /ˈflaʊərɪŋ plænts/
    thực vật có hoa
  • /ˈruːtɪd/
    bén rễ
  • /ˈsɛdɪmənt/
    trầm tích
  • /əˌveɪləˈbɪləti əv laɪt/
    sự có sẵn của ánh sáng
  • /ˈkɒnsɪkwəntli/
    do đó
  • /prɪˈdɒmɪnəntli/
    chủ yếu
  • /ˈʃæləʊ/
    nông
  • /ˈkəʊstəl/
    (thuộc) ven biển
  • /ˈnaɪtrədʒən/
    nitơ
  • /ˈfaɪbər/
    chất xơ
  • /pʊər ˈaɪsaɪt/
    thị lực kém
  • /ləʊˈkeɪt/
    xác định vị trí
  • /ˈɛdəbl/
    có thể ăn được
  • /ˈtæktaɪl sɛns/
    xúc giác
  • /ˈsɛnsɪtɪv ˈbrɪsəlz/
    lông cứng nhạy cảm
  • /ˈmʌskjələr/
    (thuộc) cơ bắp
  • /ˈʌpər lɪp/
    môi trên
  • /ɪnˈdʒɛst/
    ăn vào, nuốt vào
  • /ruːts/
    rễ
  • /ˈstʌmək ˈkɒntɛnts/
    chất chứa trong dạ dày
  • /ˈældʒiː/
    tảo
  • /skɛərs/
    khan hiếm
  • /əˈkeɪʒənəli/
    thỉnh thoảng
  • /ɪnˈvɜːrtɪbrəts/
    động vật không xương sống
  • /ˈdʒɛlifɪʃ/
    sứa
  • /siː skwɜːrts/
    hải tiêu
  • /ˈʃɛlfɪʃ/
    động vật có vỏ
  • /ɡreɪzd/
    gặm cỏ
  • /ˈsiːɡræs bɛd/
    thảm cỏ biển
  • /lɔːn məʊn/
    bãi cỏ được cắt
  • /æt ˈrændəm/
    một cách ngẫu nhiên
  • /treɪlz/
    vệt, đường mòn
  • /miˈændərɪŋ/
    uốn lượn, ngoằn ngoèo
  • /ˌɪnɪˈfɪʃənt/
    không hiệu quả
  • /tʌfts/
    búi, chùm (cỏ)
  • derive advantage /dɪˈraɪv ədˈvɑːntɪdʒ/ mở rộng
    có được lợi thế
  • /dɪˈstɜːrbəns/
    sự xáo trộn
  • /ˈvɛdʒɪtətɪvli/
    (sinh sản) vô tính, sinh dưỡng
  • /njuː ɡrəʊθ/
    chồi non
  • /ˌsɛmi nəʊˈmædɪk/
    bán du mục
  • /reɪndʒ/
    phạm vi
  • /ˈmɛməri/
    trí nhớ
  • /ˈləʊkəlaɪzd ˈeəriə/
    khu vực địa phương hóa
  • /ˌɪndɪˌvɪdʒuəˈlɪstɪk/
    (có tính) cá nhân
  • /ˈækjərət ˈsɜːrveɪz/
    khảo sát chính xác
  • /ˈʃrɪŋkɪŋ/
    co lại, thu hẹp
  • /dɪˈklaɪn/
    sự suy giảm
  • /ˌdɪsəˈpɪərd/
    đã biến mất
  • /hɜːrdz/
    bầy, đàn
  • /ɪkˈstɪŋkt/
    tuyệt chủng
  • /rɛd siː/
    Biển Đỏ
  • /ˈpɜːrʒən ɡʌlf/
    Vịnh Ba Tư
  • /ɪnˈhæbɪtɪŋ/
    sinh sống
  • /ˈsteɪbl/
    ổn định
  • /ɪkˈstriːm ˈwɛðər/
    thời tiết khắc nghiệt
  • /ˈsaɪkləʊnz/
    lốc xoáy
  • /flʌdz/
    lũ lụt
  • /ˈsiːɡræs ˈmɛdəʊz/
    đồng cỏ biển
  • washing ashore /ˈwɒʃɪŋ əˈʃɔːr/ mở rộng
    dạt vào bờ
  • /rɪˈkʌvəri/
    sự phục hồi
  • /ˈdɛkeɪd/
    thập kỷ
  • /ˈmɜːrki ˈwɔːtər/
    nước đục
  • /ˈrʌn ɒf/
    dòng chảy (từ đất liền)
  • /ˈtɜːrbjələns/
    sự hỗn loạn, nhiễu động
  • /weɪv ˈækʃən/
    tác động của sóng
  • /ˈʃɪftɪŋ sænd/
    cát dịch chuyển
  • /ˈsɔːltinəs/
    độ mặn
  • /prɪˈzjuːməbli/
    có lẽ
  • /ɪˈmeɪʃieɪtɪd/
    hốc hác, gầy mòn
  • /ˈkɑːrkəsɪz/
    xác chết (động vật)
  • calve (v.) /kɑːv/ mở rộng
    sinh con (bê, cá voi, bò biển)
  • /ˈhæbɪtæt/
    môi trường sống
  • /ˈsuːɪdʒ/
    nước thải
  • /dɪˈtɜːrdʒənts/
    chất tẩy rửa
  • /ˌhɛvi ˈmɛtl/
    kim loại nặng
  • /ˈhaɪpərˈseɪlaɪn/
    siêu mặn
  • /ˈhɜːrbɪsaɪdz/
    thuốc diệt cỏ
  • /ˈmaɪnɪŋ/
    khai mỏ
  • /ˈtrɔːlɪŋ/
    (đánh cá) lưới rà
  • /ˈdrɛdʒɪŋ/
    nạo vét
  • /lænd ˌrɛkləˈmeɪʃən/
    cải tạo đất
  • /prəˈpɛlər ˈskɑːrɪŋ/
    vết sẹo do chân vịt (tàu)
  • /ˌsɛdɪmɛnˈteɪʃən/
    sự lắng đọng trầm tích
  • /ˈsmʌðərz/
    làm ngạt
  • /ˈliːɡəli prəˈtɛktɪd/
    được pháp luật bảo vệ
  • /ˌænθrəpəˈdʒɛnɪk/
    do con người gây ra
  • /ˈhʌntɪŋ/
    săn bắn
  • /ˈhæbɪtæt ˌdɛɡrəˈdeɪʃən/
    suy thoái môi trường sống
  • /fəˈtælətiz/
    ca tử vong
  • /ɪnˈtæŋɡəlmənt/
    sự vướng vào
  • /ˈfɪʃɪŋ nɛts/
    lưới đánh cá
  • /stəˈtɪstɪks/
    số liệu thống kê
  • /ɪnˈdʌstriəl ˈfɪʃɪŋ/
    đánh bắt cá công nghiệp
  • /ˈləʊkəl ˈfɪʃɪŋ/
    đánh bắt cá địa phương
  • /prəʊn tuː/
    dễ bị
  • /ʃɑːrk nɛts/
    lưới cá mập
  • /hɪˈstɒrɪkli/
    trong lịch sử
  • /ɪˈlɪmɪneɪtɪd/
    bị loại bỏ
  • /beɪtɪd hʊks/
    lưỡi câu có mồi

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