Unit 29: Conditionals 2: (third)
Ngữ pháp Conditionals 2: (third)
📘 Giải thích tiếng Việt
Third conditional (điều kiện loại 3)
Hình thức: if + past perfect (had + V3), would have + V3 (quá khứ phân từ). Cách dùng: nói về tình huống không có thật trong quá khứ và kết quả (cũng không có thật) của nó — điều đã không xảy ra.
Ví dụ: If the chemist had been open, I would have bought some aspirin. (= Thực tế hiệu thuốc đã đóng cửa, nên tôi đã không mua được aspirin.)
Dùng could / might thay would
Có thể thay would bằng might (kết quả có thể xảy ra nhưng không chắc chắn) hoặc could (đã có khả năng làm điều gì đó). Ví dụ: If Mary had told me, I could have cooked a nice meal.
Phân biệt với loại 2
Loại 3 là câu điều kiện duy nhất nói về quá khứ. Loại 2 tuy dùng quá khứ đơn nhưng chỉ hiện tại/tương lai không có thật. So sánh: If I had had a headache, I would have taken an aspirin. (quá khứ) và If I had a headache, I would take an aspirin. (hiện tại/chung chung).
Dấu hiệu nhận biết
Thấy cấu trúc had + V3 ở mệnh đề if và would/could/might have + V3 ở mệnh đề chính thì đó là điều kiện loại 3, diễn tả sự tiếc nuối về quá khứ.
Tổng điểm: 0/40
Theory
Third conditional
| Form | Use | Example |
|---|---|---|
| if + past perfect simple, would + have + past participle | Unreal situations in the past and their unreal past results |
If the chemist had been open, I would have bought some aspirin. (= The chemist wasn't open, so I didn't buy any aspirin.) |
More examples:
• If I hadn't listened to you, I would have cooked the chicken for too long.
(= I listened to you, so I didn't cook the chicken for too long.)
(= I listened to you, so I didn't cook the chicken for too long.)
• If he had seen the doctor, he wouldn't have been ill for such a long time.
(= He didn't see the doctor, so he was ill for a long time.)
(= He didn't see the doctor, so he was ill for a long time.)
• If you hadn't eaten a giant pizza, you wouldn't have been sick!
(= You ate a giant pizza, so you were sick.)
(= You ate a giant pizza, so you were sick.)
Helpful hints
We can also use could and might instead of would, depending on the meaning.
• If you had eaten a giant pizza, you might have been sick!
(= It's possible, but not certain, that you would have been sick.)
(= It's possible, but not certain, that you would have been sick.)
• If Mary had told me she was coming, I could have cooked a nice meal.
(= I would have been able to cook a nice meal.)
(= I would have been able to cook a nice meal.)
Watch out!
• The third conditional is the only conditional that refers to the past.
✓ If I had had a headache, I would have taken an aspirin. (= in the past)
✓ If I had had a headache, I would have taken an aspirin. (= in the past)
• We use past simple in the second conditional, but that does not refer to the past.
✓ If I had a headache, I would take an aspirin. (= now or generally)
✓ If I had a headache, I would take an aspirin. (= now or generally)
• For more information on the second conditional, see Unit 28.
Exercise A
A Score: 0/12
Circle the correct answer.
If Charles had had enough money, he'd have bought the CD.
1
Did Charles have enough money?
No
2
Did he buy the CD?
No
Cilla would have called Andrea if she'd taken her mobile with her.
3
Did Cilla call Andrea?
No
4
Did she take her mobile with her?
No
If we hadn't been late, we'd have seen the start of the film.
5
Were they late?
Yes
6
Did they see the start of the film?
No
Paul wouldn't have made a mistake if he'd listened to Lee.
7
Did Paul make a mistake?
Yes
8
Did Paul listen to Lee?
No
Jo wouldn't have gone to the party if she hadn't been invited.
9
Did Jo go to the party?
Yes
10
Was Jo invited to the party?
Yes
Tom would have forgotten his keys if Lisa hadn't reminded him.
11
Did Tom forget his keys?
No
12
Did Lisa remind him about his keys?
Yes
Exercise B
B Score: 0/7
Complete using the correct form of the words in brackets.
1
If you __________ (tell) me you were going to the beach, I'd have come with you.
had told
2
If Dan had missed the plane, he __________ (be) very annoyed.
would have been
3
I'd have got you a present if I __________ (know) it was your birthday.
had known
4
We __________ (not / get) lost if we'd taken a map with us.
wouldn't have got / would not have got
5
If the car __________ (not / break down), I wouldn't have been late.
hadn't broken down
6
If you __________ (not / help) me, I wouldn't have finished in time.
hadn't helped
7
If Baz __________(a) (not / show) you what to do, what __________(b) (you / do)?
(a) hadn't shown (b) would you have done
Exercise C
C Score: 0/5
Complete each second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. Write between two and five words.
1
It wasn't cold, so we didn't light a fire.
If it __________ cold, we'd have lit a fire.
If it __________ cold, we'd have lit a fire.
had been
2
John didn't come, so we didn't do any painting.
If John __________, we'd have done some painting.
If John __________, we'd have done some painting.
had come
3
Claire didn't buy any clothes because she didn't see anything she liked.
Claire __________ some clothes if she'd seen something she liked.
Claire __________ some clothes if she'd seen something she liked.
would have bought
4
The audience laughed because the joke was very funny.
If the joke __________ very funny, the audience wouldn't have laughed.
If the joke __________ very funny, the audience wouldn't have laughed.
hadn't been
5
We decided to leave because it was really noisy.
We __________ to leave if it hadn't been really noisy.
We __________ to leave if it hadn't been really noisy.
wouldn't have decided
Exercise D
D Score: 0/7
Look at the pictures and complete the sentences. Use the correct form of the verbs in the box. You may have to use some negative forms.
break
fall over
look
pick up
reply
see
stood
1
If Kevin hadn't just got a text message, he __________ at his mobile phone.
wouldn't have looked
2
If he hadn't looked at his mobile, he __________ the banana skin.
would have seen
3
If someone __________ the banana skin earlier, it wouldn't have been there.
had picked up
4
If Kevin had seen the banana skin, he __________ on it.
wouldn't have stood
5
If he hadn't stood on it, he __________.
wouldn't have fallen over
6
If he hadn't fallen over, he __________ his mobile.
wouldn't have broken
7
If he hadn't broken his mobile, he __________ to the text message.
would have replied
Exercise E
E Score: 0/8
Read the story and complete the sentences.
Vida loved to keep fit. Whenever she could, she went to the gym after work. But one evening, Vida got home late. 'It's too late to go to the gym now,' she said to herself. 'I'll just watch TV instead.'
She made herself a nice, fresh, healthy salad and sat down in front of the TV. Suddenly, she saw something on TV that caught her attention. It was an advert for an exercise bike called the Fitmaster 5000.
'That looks fantastic!' thought Vida. 'I think I'll buy that!'
She phoned the number and ordered the machine. It came the next day. It was much bigger than it looked on TV, and the only place Vida could put it was at the top of the stairs.
She loved the Fitmaster 5000 so much, though, that from that day on, she only exercised at home. She didn't go to the gym any more. She spent hours every evening on her exercise bike, and every evening she went faster and faster. One evening, she was going so fast that the exercise bike began to move forwards. Before she knew what had happened, she – and the bike – fell down the stairs. All sixteen of them. Right to the bottom. Ouch!
The Fitmaster 5000 was broken, and so was Vida's leg.
'I think that's enough exercise for a while,' thought Vida, as she lay in her hospital bed. 'And that's enough watching adverts on TV too.'
1
If Vida had got home earlier, …
she would have gone to the gym.
2
If she'd gone to the gym that evening, …
she wouldn't have watched TV.
3
If she hadn't watched TV, …
she wouldn't have seen the advert.
4
She wouldn't have bought the Fitmaster 5000 …
if she hadn't seen the advert.
5
She wouldn't have put it at the top of the stairs …
if it hadn't been so big.
6
She'd have continued going to the gym …
if she hadn't bought the Fitmaster 5000.
7
If she hadn't gone so fast, …
the exercise bike wouldn't have moved forwards.
8
If she hadn't fallen down the stairs, …
she wouldn't have broken her leg.
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