Unit 22: Modals 3: the modal perfect
Ngữ pháp Modals 3: the modal perfect
📘 Giải thích tiếng Việt
Modal + have + V3 (thể hoàn thành của modal)
Hình thức: modal + have + past participle. Dùng để nói hoặc suy đoán về quá khứ. Ví dụ: You should have told me.
could have + V3 — cơ hội/khả năng đã bỏ lỡ
Diễn tả ai đó đã có cơ hội hoặc khả năng làm gì trong quá khứ nhưng thực tế không làm. Ví dụ: We could have gone to the party, but we didn't. Phân biệt với could + V chỉ khả năng chung trong quá khứ (I could play the guitar when I was seven).
should / ought to have + V3 — phê phán, kỳ vọng
Nói rằng hành động trong quá khứ là sai hoặc lẽ ra phải khác đi. Ví dụ: You should have invited Carol (đã không mời và điều đó là sai). Phủ định shouldn't have + V3 = không nên làm nhưng đã làm.
must / can't have + V3 — suy đoán chắc chắn
must have = gần như chắc chắn là đúng; can't have = gần như chắc chắn là không đúng. Ví dụ: They must have had a lovely holiday. / They can't have had any sleep.
could / may / might have + V3 — khả năng
Diễn tả điều có thể đã xảy ra nhưng không chắc chắn. Ví dụ: Helen might have found a new house. Dấu hiệu: maybe, perhaps, it's possible.
Tổng điểm: 0/35
Theory
Modals + the perfect infinitive
Form: modal + have + past participle
Statement: You should have told me you were going shopping.
Negative: You shouldn't (should not) have told Liz what Bill said.
Question: Should I have invited Carol to the party?
Statement: You should have told me you were going shopping.
Negative: You shouldn't (should not) have told Liz what Bill said.
Question: Should I have invited Carol to the party?
Ability
| Use | Modal | Example |
|---|---|---|
| To say that someone had the opportunity or ability to do something, but didn't do it | could | We could have gone to the party, but we decided not to in the end. |
Watch out! We use this for things that someone didn't actually do. For general ability in the past, we use could + bare infinitive (see Unit 19).
✓ I could play the guitar when I was seven. (= I knew how to play.)
✓ I could have played the guitar. (= I had the opportunity, but I didn't actually play it.)
✓ I could play the guitar when I was seven. (= I knew how to play.)
✓ I could have played the guitar. (= I had the opportunity, but I didn't actually play it.)
Criticism
| Use | Modal | Example |
|---|---|---|
| To say that someone's past behaviour was bad or wrong | ought to / should | You should have invited Carol to your party. (= You didn't invite Carol and that was wrong.) |
Probability and possibility
| Use | Modal | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Strong probability | must / can't | They must have had a lovely holiday! They can't have had any sleep! |
| Possibility | could / may / might | Helen might have found a new house. (= It's possible, but I'm not certain.) |
Expectation
| Use | Modal | Example |
|---|---|---|
| To show you expected the past to be different from what actually happened | ought to / should | Jim should have arrived half an hour ago. I wonder where he is. |
Exercise A
A Score: 0/5
Complete using the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
1
We could __________ (take) the bus, but in the end we decided to walk.
have taken
2
Although I could __________ (buy) the DVD, I actually got the video.
have bought
3
Alan could __________ (go) to the concert with Sindy, but he stayed at home instead.
have gone
4
They could __________ (catch) an earlier plane, but they decided to get the later one.
have caught
5
Could you __________ (stay) longer or did you have to leave then?
have stayed
Exercise B
B Score: 0/6
Complete the sentences. Use should or shouldn't and the correct form of the verbs in the box.
eatgetkicktaketidywear
1
Mr Appleby __________ an umbrella with him.
should have taken
2
Jenny __________ her room.
should have tidied
3
Alex __________ the ball so hard.
shouldn't have kicked
4
Tim __________ a fancy-dress costume.
should have worn
5
They __________ there earlier.
should have got
6
They __________ so much!
shouldn't have eaten
Exercise C
C Score: 0/6
Complete each second sentence using the word given, so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. Write between two and five words.
1
I expect Adrian did a lot of revision. must
Adrian __________ a lot of revision.
Adrian __________ a lot of revision.
must have done
2
I don't believe that Jim stole the money. can't
Jim __________ the money.
Jim __________ the money.
can't have stolen
3
It's possible that I have made a mistake. could
I __________ a mistake.
I __________ a mistake.
could have made
4
There's a chance that someone saw us. may
Someone __________ us.
Someone __________ us.
may have seen
5
It's possible that Tim hasn't arrived yet. might
Tim __________ yet.
Tim __________ yet.
might not have arrived
6
I'm sure that Irene wasn't at the party because she was ill. have
Irene __________ at the party because she was ill.
Irene __________ at the party because she was ill.
can't have been
Exercise D
D Score: 0/5
Complete each second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence.
1
We were expecting Dave to call, but he hasn't.
Dave should __________.
Dave should __________.
have called
2
They said they were going to deliver the computer at lunchtime, but they didn't.
They should __________.
They should __________.
have delivered the computer at lunchtime
3
I was expecting the film to come out at the cinema last week.
The film ought __________.
The film ought __________.
to have come out at the cinema last week
4
The shop wasn't supposed to close so early.
The shop shouldn't __________.
The shop shouldn't __________.
have closed so early
5
Was the programme supposed to start at eight o'clock?
Should __________?
Should __________?
the programme have started at eight o'clock
Exercise E
E Score: 0/6
Choose the correct answer.
1
Ronny _______ have gone to Switzerland, but I'm not totally sure.
B – could
2
You _______ have lied to me! Why didn't you tell me the truth?
C – shouldn't
3
Helen _______ to have seen a doctor weeks ago. Why didn't she?
A – ought
4
They _______ have seen the play last night as they went to a football match instead.
D – can't
5
Carl _______ have been here by now. Maybe he got stuck in traffic.
C – should
6
You _______ have been really excited when you heard you'd won the competition!
A – must
Exercise F
F Score: 0/7
Write one word in each gap.
My cousin Tina
My cousin Tina is a professional dancer. Her mum – my aunt – says that Tina (1) __________ dance really well even before she was able to walk!
When Tina was ten, she could (2) __________ gone to a special school for dancers in New York, but she decided not to because she didn't want to leave her friends. Even today, Tina's mum thinks that Tina (3) __________ have gone to the school. I'm sure it (4) __________ have been a very difficult decision for Tina to make, but she says that she doesn't regret not going. She carried on dancing in her spare time, often getting up at five o'clock in the morning for a dance lesson before school. That can't have (5) __________ much fun!
Today, she's really successful. She's been in lots of shows and she's even appeared on TV a few times. In fact, she (6) __________ have got the main part in a new show in London. She's not sure yet. They (7) __________ to have contacted her yesterday about it, but they didn't. Hopefully she'll hear in the next few days. Whether she gets the part or not, I'm really proud of my cousin!
1
Tina (1) _______ dance really well even before she was able to walk!
could
2
she could (2) _______ gone to a special school
have
3
Tina (3) _______ have gone to the school
should
4
I'm sure it (4) _______ have been a very difficult decision
must
5
That can't have (5) _______ much fun!
been
6
she (6) _______ have got the main part … She's not sure yet.
might
7
They (7) _______ to have contacted her yesterday about it, but they didn't.
ought
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Xem tất cả Grammar B1
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