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Personality and Appearance – IELTS Reading

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Đề đọc IELTS Reading “Personality and Appearance” – Tính cách và ngoại hình. Gồm 14 câu (Yes/No/Not Given, trắc nghiệm, nối thông tin), 48 từ vựng, đáp án…

IELTS Academic Reading 14 câu hỏi

Cách làm bài

Yes / No / Not Given (theo ý kiến tác giả)

  • YES = câu khẳng định TRÙNG với quan điểm/ý kiến của tác giả; NO = MÂU THUẪN với quan điểm tác giả; NOT GIVEN = bài không nhắc tới, không suy luận thêm.
  • Các câu bám sát thứ tự thông tin trong bài — tìm được câu trước sẽ khoanh vùng cho câu sau.
  • Gạch chân từ khóa khó thay thế (tên riêng, con số, năm) để định vị đúng đoạn, rồi mới so ý.
  • Đừng chọn NO chỉ vì không tìm thấy — “không tìm thấy” thường là NOT GIVEN. Chỉ chọn NO khi bài nói ngược lại.

Trắc nghiệm A/B/C/D

  • Đọc kỹ câu hỏi trước, xác định nó hỏi ý chính hay chi tiết, rồi quay lại đúng đoạn.
  • Đọc HẾT bốn phương án; loại dần phương án sai để tăng xác suất đúng.
  • Bẫy thường gặp: phương án dùng đúng từ trong bài nhưng sai ý, hoặc đúng một nửa. Đáp án đúng thường là cách diễn đạt lại (paraphrase).

Nối (matching)

  • Đọc kỹ vế/đề đã cho, tìm trong bài đoạn nói cùng nội dung — đáp án thường được diễn đạt lại bằng từ đồng nghĩa.
  • Với nối phần kết câu: ghép sao cho câu hoàn chỉnh vừa đúng NGHĨA vừa đúng NGỮ PHÁP.
  • Loại trừ dần các lựa chọn đã dùng; đọc lướt cả danh sách trước khi quyết định để tránh chọn trùng.

Chung

  • Không đọc kỹ toàn bài trước — đọc lướt lấy ý, rồi dùng câu hỏi dẫn đường (scan/skim).
  • Quản lý thời gian: mỗi bài đọc ~20 phút. Câu khó thì đánh dấu, làm tiếp rồi quay lại.

Personality and Appearance

Mở đầu When Charles Darwin applied to be the “energetic young man” that Robert Fitzroy, the Beagle’s captain, sought as his gentleman companion, he was almost let down by a woeful shortcoming that was as plain as the nose on his face. Fitzroy believed in physiognomy — the idea that you can tell a person’s character from their appearance. As Darwin’s daughter Henrietta later recalled, Fitzroy had “made up his mind that no man with such a nose could have energy”. This was hardly the case. Fortunately, the rest of Darwin’s visage compensated for his sluggardly proboscis: “His brow saved him.”

The idea that a person’s character can be glimpsed in their face dates back to the ancient Greeks. It was most famously popularised in the late 18th century by the Swiss poet Johann Lavater, whose ideas became a talking point in intellectual circles. In Darwin’s day, they were more or less taken as given. It was only after the subject became associated with phrenology, which fell into disrepute in the late 19th century, that physiognomy was written off as pseudoscience.

First impressions are highly influential, despite the well-worn admonition not to judge a book by its cover. Within a tenth of a second of seeing an unfamiliar face we have already made a judgement about its owner’s character — caring, trustworthy, aggressive, extrovert, competent and so on. Once that snap judgement has formed, it is surprisingly hard to budge. People also act on these snap judgements. Politicians with competent-looking faces have a greater chance of being elected, and CEOs who look dominant are more likely to run a profitable company. There is also a well-established “attractiveness halo”. People seen as good-looking not only get the most valentines but are also judged to be more outgoing, socially competent, powerful, intelligent and healthy.

In 1966, psychologists at the University of Michigan asked 84 undergraduates who had never met before to rate each other on five personality traits, based entirely on appearance, as they sat for 15 minutes in silence. For three traits — extroversion, conscientiousness and openness — the observers’ rapid judgements matched real personality scores significantly more often than chance. More recently, researchers have re-examined the link between appearance and personality, notably Anthony Little of the University of Stirling and David Perrett of the University of St Andrews, both in the UK. They pointed out that the Michigan studies were not tightly controlled for confounding factors. But when Little and Perrett re-ran the experiment using mugshots rather than live subjects, they also found a link between facial appearance and personality — though only for extroversion and conscientiousness. Little and Perrett claimed that they only found a correlation at the extremes of personality.

Justin Carre and Cheryl McCormick of Brock University in Ontario, Canada studied 90 ice-hockey players. They found that a wider face in which the cheekbone-to-cheekbone distance was unusually large relative to the distance between brow and upper lip was linked in a statistically significant way with the number of penalty minutes a player was given for violent acts including slashing, elbowing, checking from behind and fighting. The kernel of truth idea isn’t the only explanation on offer for our readiness to make facial judgements. Leslie Zebrowitz, a psychologist at Brandeis University in Waltham, Massachusetts, says that in many cases snap judgements are not accurate. The snap judgement, she says, is often an “overgeneralisation” of a more fundamental response. A classic example of overgeneralisation can be seen in predators’ response to eye spots, the conspicuous circular markings seen on some moths, butterflies and fish. These act as a deterrent to predators because they mimic the eyes of other creatures that the potential predators might see as a threat.

Another researcher who leans towards overgeneralisation is Alexander Todorov. With Princeton colleague Nikolaas Oosterhof, he recently put forward a theory which he says explains our snap judgements of faces in terms of how threatening they appear. Todorov and Oosterhof asked people for their gut reactions to pictures of emotionally neutral faces, sifted through all the responses, and boiled them down to two underlying factors: how trustworthy the face looks, and how dominant. Todorov and Oosterhof conclude that personality judgements based on people’s faces are an overgeneralisation of our evolved ability to infer emotions from facial expressions, and hence a person’s intention to cause us harm and their ability to carry it out. Todorov, however, stresses that overgeneralisation does not rule out the idea that there is sometimes a kernel of truth in these assessments of personality.

So if there is a kernel of truth, where does it come from? Perrett has a hunch that the link arises when our prejudices about faces turn into self-fulfilling prophecies — an idea that was investigated by other researchers back in 1977. Our expectations can lead us to influence people to behave in ways that confirm those expectations: consistently treat someone as untrustworthy and they end up behaving that way. This effect sometimes works the other way round, however, especially for those who look cute. The Nobel prize-winning ethologist Konrad Lorenz once suggested that baby-faced features evoke a nurturing response. Support for this has come from work by Zebrowitz, who has found that baby-faced boys and men stimulate an emotional centre of the brain, the amygdala, in a similar way. But there’s a twist. Baby-faced men are, on average, better educated, more assertive and apt to win more military medals than their mature-looking counterparts. They are also more likely to be criminals; think Al Capone. Similarly, Zebrowitz found baby-faced boys to be quarrelsome and hostile, and more likely to be academic highfliers. She calls this the “self-defeating prophecy effect”: a man with a baby face strives to confound expectations and ends up overcompensating.

There is another theory that recalls the old parental warning not to pull faces because they might freeze that way. According to this theory, our personality moulds the way our faces look. It is supported by a study two decades ago which found that angry old people tend to look cross even when asked to strike a neutral expression. A lifetime of scowling, grumpiness and grimaces seemed to have left its mark.

Questions 1–5

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage? In boxes 1–5 on your answer sheet, write YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer, NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer, NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this.

1

Robert Fitzroy’s first impression of Darwin was accurate.

2

The precise rules of “physiognomy” have remained unchanged since the 18th century.

3

The first impression of a person can be modified later with little effort.

4

People who appear capable are more likely to be chosen to a position of power.

5

It is unfair for good-looking people to be better treated in society.

Questions 6–10

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D. Write your answers in boxes 6–10 on your answer sheet.

6

What’s true about Anthony Little and David Perrett’s experiment?

7

What can be concluded from Justin Carre and Cheryl McCormick’s experiment?

8

What’s exemplified by referring to butterfly marks?

9

What is the aim of Alexander Todorov’s study?

10

Which of the following is the conclusion of Alexander Todorov’s study?

Questions 11–14

Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A–F, below. Write the correct letter, A–F, in boxes 11–14 on your answer sheet.

A. judge other people by overgeneralization B. may influence the behaviour of other people C. tend to commit criminal acts D. may be influenced by the low expectations of other people E. may show the effect of long-term behaviours F. may be trying to repel the expectations of other people
11

Perret believed people behaving dishonestly

12

The writer supports the view that people with babyish features

13

According to Zebrowitz, baby-faced people who behave dominantly

14

The writer believes facial features

Từ vựng 48 từ

  • /ˌfɪz.iˈɒn.ə.mi/
    Thuật xem tướng mặt
  • /prəˈbɒs.ɪs/
    Vòi (hoặc cách nói hài hước về mũi)
  • /frəˈnɒl.ə.dʒi/
    Thuyết sọ học
  • /snæp ˈdʒʌdʒ.mənt/
    Sự đánh giá nhanh
  • /ˌæd.məˈnɪʃ.ən/
    Lời cảnh báo, khuyên răn
  • /əˈtræk.tɪv.nəs ˈheɪ.ləʊ/
    Hiệu ứng hào quang nhờ ngoại hình
  • /ˌkɒn.ʃiˈen.ʃəs.nəs/
    Sự tận tâm, chu đáo
  • /ˈəʊ.pən.nəs/
    Sự cởi mở
  • /ˌkɒr.əˈleɪ.ʃən/
    Mối tương quan
  • /ˈmʌɡ.ʃɒt/
    Ảnh chân dung (thường theo kiểu ảnh cảnh sát)
  • /ˈtʃiːk.bəʊn tuː ˈtʃiːk.bəʊn ˈdɪs.təns/
    Khoảng cách giữa hai gò má
  • /ˌəʊ.vəˌdʒen.rə.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/
    Sự khái quát hóa quá mức
  • /dɪˈter.ənt/
    Thứ ngăn cản, răn đe
  • /ɡʌt riˈæk.ʃənz/
    Phản ứng bản năng
  • Threatening appearance /ˈθret.ən.ɪŋ əˈpɪə.rəns/ mở rộng
    Diện mạo mang tính đe dọa
  • /ˌself.fʊlˈfɪl.ɪŋ ˈprɒf.ɪ.si/
    Lời tiên tri tự nghiệm
  • /ˈnɜː.tʃər.ɪŋ rɪˈspɒns/
    Phản ứng nuôi dưỡng, chăm sóc
  • /əˈmɪɡ.də.lə/
    Hạch hạnh nhân (cấu trúc não liên quan cảm xúc)
  • /self.dɪˈfiː.tɪŋ ˈprɒf.ɪ.si ɪˈfekt/
    Hiệu ứng dự đoán gây tác dụng ngược
  • /əˈsɜː.tɪv/
    Quả quyết, quyết đoán
  • /ˈkwɒr.əl.səm/
    Hay gây gổ
  • /ˈskaʊ.lɪŋ/
    Nhăn nhó, cau có
  • /ˈɡrʌm.pi.nəs/
    Tính gắt gỏng
  • Facial cues /ˈfeɪ.ʃəl kjuːz/ mở rộng
    Manh mối trên khuôn mặt
  • Dominant-looking face /ˈdɒm.ɪ.nənt ˈlʊk.ɪŋ feɪs/ mở rộng
    Khuôn mặt trông uy quyền
  • Halo effect /ˈheɪ.ləʊ ɪˈfekt/ mở rộng
    Hiệu ứng hào quang (tâm lý)
  • Phrenology vs. physiognomy /frəˈnɒl.ə.dʒi vs ˌfɪz.iˈɒn.ə.mi/ mở rộng
    So sánh thuật xem sọ và xem tướng mặt
  • Appearance-personality link /əˈpɪə.rəns pɜː.sənˈæl.ə.ti lɪŋk/ mở rộng
    Liên kết giữa ngoại hình và tính cách
  • /ˈvɪz.ɪdʒ/
    Khuôn mặt, dung mạo
  • Repute vs. disrepute /rɪˈpjuːt vs ˌdɪs.rɪˈpjuːt/ mở rộng
    Danh tiếng so với tai tiếng
  • Inferring intentions /ɪnˈfɜː.rɪŋ ɪnˈten.ʃənz/ mở rộng
    Suy luận ý định
  • /kənˈfaʊn.dɪŋ ˈfæk.təz/
    Yếu tố nhiễu gây nhiễu kết quả
  • /iːˈθɒl.ə.dʒɪst/
    Nhà nghiên cứu tập tính học
  • Probing deeper /ˈprəʊ.bɪŋ ˈdiː.pər/ mở rộng
    Tìm hiểu sâu hơn
  • /ˈkɒm.pɪ.tənt ˈlʊk.ɪŋ feɪs/
    Khuôn mặt trông có năng lực
  • Self-fulfilling assumption /self fʊlˈfɪl.ɪŋ əˈsʌmp.ʃən/ mở rộng
    Giả định tự thực hiện
  • /məˈtʃʊər ˈlʊk.ɪŋ/
    Trông chững chạc
  • /ˈvæl.ən.taɪnz/
    Thiệp tình nhân
  • /ˈfeɪ.ʃəl ɪkˈspreʃ.ən/
    Biểu cảm khuôn mặt
  • Academic highflyers /ˌæk.əˈdem.ɪk ˌhaɪˈflaɪ.əz/ mở rộng
    Người đạt thành tích cao trong học tập
  • Compliant vs. rebellious /kəmˈplaɪ.ənt vs rɪˈbel.i.əs/ mở rộng
    Vâng lời so với nổi loạn
  • Art of appearance reading /ɑːt ɒv əˈpɪə.rəns ˈriː.dɪŋ/ mở rộng
    Nghệ thuật nhìn mặt đoán tính
  • /ɪˈməʊ.ʃən.əl ˈsen.tər/
    Trung tâm cảm xúc (não)
  • Facial overgeneralisation /ˈfeɪ.ʃəl ˌəʊ.vəˌdʒen.rə.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/ mở rộng
    Sự khái quát hóa quá mức từ khuôn mặt
  • Long-term scowling effect /ˈlɒŋ.tɜːm ˈskaʊ.lɪŋ ɪˈfekt/ mở rộng
    Hiệu ứng lâu dài của việc hay cau có
  • Self-esteem or over-compensation /self.ɪˈstiːm ɔːr ˌəʊ.vəˌkɒm.pənˈseɪ.ʃən/ mở rộng
    Lòng tự trọng hoặc sự bù đắp thái quá
  • Criminal inclination /ˈkrɪm.ɪ.nəl ˌɪn.klɪˈneɪ.ʃən/ mở rộng
    Xu hướng phạm tội
  • Inaccurate assumption /ɪnˈæk.jə.rət əˈsʌmp.ʃən/ mở rộng
    Giả định không chính xác

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