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The Secrets of Persuasion – IELTS Reading

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Đề đọc IELTS Reading “The Secrets of Persuasion” – Những bí quyết của sự thuyết phục. Gồm 13 câu (trắc nghiệm, Yes/No/Not Given, nối thông tin), 58 từ vựng…

IELTS Academic Reading 13 câu hỏi

Cách làm bài

Trắc nghiệm A/B/C/D

  • Đọc kỹ câu hỏi trước, xác định nó hỏi ý chính hay chi tiết, rồi quay lại đúng đoạn.
  • Đọc HẾT bốn phương án; loại dần phương án sai để tăng xác suất đúng.
  • Bẫy thường gặp: phương án dùng đúng từ trong bài nhưng sai ý, hoặc đúng một nửa. Đáp án đúng thường là cách diễn đạt lại (paraphrase).

Yes / No / Not Given (theo ý kiến tác giả)

  • YES = câu khẳng định TRÙNG với quan điểm/ý kiến của tác giả; NO = MÂU THUẪN với quan điểm tác giả; NOT GIVEN = bài không nhắc tới, không suy luận thêm.
  • Các câu bám sát thứ tự thông tin trong bài — tìm được câu trước sẽ khoanh vùng cho câu sau.
  • Gạch chân từ khóa khó thay thế (tên riêng, con số, năm) để định vị đúng đoạn, rồi mới so ý.
  • Đừng chọn NO chỉ vì không tìm thấy — “không tìm thấy” thường là NOT GIVEN. Chỉ chọn NO khi bài nói ngược lại.

Nối (matching)

  • Đọc kỹ vế/đề đã cho, tìm trong bài đoạn nói cùng nội dung — đáp án thường được diễn đạt lại bằng từ đồng nghĩa.
  • Với nối phần kết câu: ghép sao cho câu hoàn chỉnh vừa đúng NGHĨA vừa đúng NGỮ PHÁP.
  • Loại trừ dần các lựa chọn đã dùng; đọc lướt cả danh sách trước khi quyết định để tránh chọn trùng.

Chung

  • Không đọc kỹ toàn bài trước — đọc lướt lấy ý, rồi dùng câu hỏi dẫn đường (scan/skim).
  • Quản lý thời gian: mỗi bài đọc ~20 phút. Câu khó thì đánh dấu, làm tiếp rồi quay lại.

The Secrets of Persuasion

A. Our mother may have told you the secret to getting what you ask for was to say please. The reality is rather more surprising. Adam Dudding talks to a psychologist who has made a life’s work from the science of persuasion. Some scientists peer at things through high-powered microscopes. Others goad rats through mazes, or mix bubbling fluids in glass beakers. Robert Cialdini, for his part, does curious things with towels, and believes that by doing so he is discovering important insights into how society works.

B. Cialdini’s towel experiments (more of them later), are part of his research into how we persuade others to say yes. He wants to know why some people have a knack for bending the will of others, be it a telephone cold-caller talking to you about timeshares, or a parent whose children are compliant even without threats of extreme violence. While he’s anxious not to be seen as the man who’s written the bible for snake-oil salesmen, for decades the Arizona State University social psychology professor has been creating systems for the principles and methods of persuasion, and writing bestsellers about them. Some people seem to be born with the skills; Cialdini’s claim is that by applying a little science, even those of us who aren’t should be able to get our own way more often. “All my life I’ve been an easy mark for the blandishment of salespeople and fundraisers and I’d always wondered why they could get me to buy things I didn’t want and give to causes I hadn’t heard of,” says Cialdini on the phone from London, where he is plugging his latest book.

C. He found that laboratory experiments on the psychology of persuasion were telling only part of the story, so he began to research influence in the real world, enrolling in sales-training programmes: “I learn how to sell automobiles from a lot, how to sell insurance from an office, how to sell encyclopedias door to door.” He concluded there were six general “principles of influence” and has since put them to the test under slightly more scientific conditions. Most recently, that has meant messing about with towels. Many hotels leave a little card in each bathroom asking guests to reuse towels and thus conserve water and electricity and reduce pollution. Cialdini and his colleagues wanted to test the relative effectiveness of different words on those cards. Would guests be motivated to co-operate simply because it would help save the planet, or were other factors more compelling? To test this, the researchers changed the card’s message from an environmental one to the simple (and truthful) statement that the majority of guests at the hotel had reused their towel at least once. Guests given this message were 26% more likely to reuse their towels than those given the old message. In Cialdini’s book “Yes! 50 Secrets from the Science of Persuasion”, co-written with another social scientist and a business consultant, he explains that guests were responding to the persuasive force of “social proof”, the idea that our decisions are strongly influenced by what we believe other people like us are doing.

D. So much for towels. Cialdini has also learnt a lot from confectionery. Yes! cites the work of New Jersey behavioural scientist David Strohmetz, who wanted to see how restaurant patrons would respond to a ridiculously small favour from their food server, in the form of an after-dinner chocolate for each diner. The secret, it seems, is in how you give the chocolate. When the chocolates arrived in a heap with the bill, tips went up a miserly 3% compared to when no chocolate was given. But when the chocolates were dropped individually in front of each diner, tips went up 14%. The scientific breakthrough, though, came when the waitress gave each diner one chocolate, headed away from the table then doubled back to give them one more each, as if such generosity had only just occurred to her. Tips went up 23%. This is “reciprocity” in action: we want to return favours done to us, often without bothering to calculate the relative value of what is being received and given.

E. Geeling Ng, operations manager at Auckland’s Soul Bar, says she’s never heard of Kiwi waiting staff using such a cynical trick, not least because New Zealand tipping culture is so different from that of the US: “If you did that in New Zealand, as diners were leaving they’d say ‘can we have some more?’” But she certainly understands the general principle of reciprocity. The way to a diner’s heart is “to give them something they’re not expecting in the way of service. It might be something as small as leaving a mint on their plate, or it might be remembering that last time they were in they wanted their water with no ice and no lemon. In America it would translate into an instant tip. In New Zealand it translates into a huge smile and thank you.” And no doubt, return visits.

F. Reciprocity: People want to give back to those who have given to them. The trick here is to get in first. That’s why charities put a crummy pen inside a mailout, and why smiling women in supermarkets hand out dollops of free food. Scarcity: People want more of things they can have less of. Advertisers ruthlessly exploit scarcity (“limit four per customer”, “sale must end soon”), and Cialdini suggests parents do too: “Kids want things that are less available, so say ‘this is an unusual opportunity; you can only have this for a certain time’.”

G. Authority: We trust people who know what they’re talking about. So inform people honestly of your credentials before you set out to influence them. “You’d be surprised how many people fail to do that,” says Cialdini. “They feel it’s impolite to talk about their expertise.” In one study, therapists whose patients wouldn’t do their exercises were advised to display their qualification certificates prominently. They did, and experienced an immediate leap in patient compliance.

H. Commitment/consistency: We want to act in a way that is consistent with the commitments we have already made. Exploit this to get a higher sign-up rate when soliciting charitable donations. First ask workmates if they think they will sponsor you on your egg-and-spoon marathon. Later, return with the sponsorship form to those who said yes and remind them of their earlier commitment.

I. Liking: We say yes more often to people we like. Obvious enough, but reasons for “liking” can be weird. In one study, people were sent survey forms and asked to return them to a named researcher. When the researcher gave a fake name resembling that of the subject (eg, Cynthia Johnson is sent a survey by “Cindy Johansen”), surveys were twice as likely to be completed. We favour people who resemble us, even if the resemblance is as minor as the sound of their name.

J. Social proof: We decide what to do by looking around to see what others just like us are doing. Useful for parents, says Cialdini. “Find groups of children who are behaving in a way that you would like your child to, because the child looks to the side, rather than at you.” More perniciously, social proof is the force underpinning the competitive materialism of “keeping up with the Joneses.”

Questions 28–31

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D. Write your answers in boxes 28–31 on your answer sheet.

28

The main purpose of Cialdini’s research of writing is to

29

Which statement is CORRECT according to Cialdini’s research methodology?

30

Which of the following is CORRECT according to the towel experiment in the passage?

31

Which of the following is CORRECT according to the candy shop experiment in the passage?

Questions 32–35

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3? In boxes 32–35 on your answer sheet, write YES if the statement agrees with the information, NO if the statement contradicts the information, NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this.

32

Robert Cialdini experienced “principles of influence” himself in real life.

33

Principle of persuasion has different types in different countries.

34

In New Zealand, people tend to give tips to attendants after being served a chocolate.

35

Elder generation of New Zealand is easily attracted by extra service of restaurants by principle of reciprocity.

Questions 36–40

Use the information in the passage to match the category (listed A-D) with the correct description below. Write the appropriate letters A–D in boxes 36–40 on your answer sheet. NB: You may use any letter more than once.

A. Reciprocity of scarcity B. Authority C. Previous commitment D. Liking
36

Description 36

37

Description 37

38

Description 38

39

Description 39

40

Description 40

Từ vựng 58 từ

  • /pəˈsweɪ.ʒən/
    Sự thuyết phục
  • /saɪˈkɒl.ə.dʒi ɒv pəˈsweɪ.ʒən/
    Tâm lý học về sự thuyết phục
  • /kəmˈplaɪ.əns/
    Sự tuân theo, phục tùng
  • Encyclopedia door-to-door /ɪnˌsaɪ.kləˈpiː.di.ə dɔːr tu dɔːr/ mở rộng
    Bán sách bách khoa tận nhà
  • /ˈsəʊ.ʃəl pruːf/
    Bằng chứng xã hội (một nguyên tắc tâm lý)
  • /kənˈfek.ʃən.ər.i/
    Đồ ngọt, kẹo bánh
  • /bɪˈheɪ.vjər.əl ˈsaɪən.tɪst/
    Nhà khoa học hành vi
  • /ˈmaɪ.zəl.i/
    Rất ít, keo kiệt
  • /ˌres.ɪˈprɒs.ə.ti/
    Sự có qua có lại
  • Tip culture /tɪp ˈkʌl.tʃər/ mở rộng
    Văn hóa bo tiền
  • Principle of influence /ˈprɪn.sɪ.pl ɒv ˈɪn.flu.əns/ mở rộng
    Nguyên tắc tạo ảnh hưởng
  • /ˈskeə.sə.ti/
    Sự khan hiếm
  • /ɔːˈθɒr.ə.ti/
    Thẩm quyền, uy tín
  • /ˌkwɒl.ɪ.fɪˈkeɪ.ʃən səˈtɪf.ɪ.kəts/
    Các chứng chỉ văn bằng
  • /kəˈmɪt.mənt /kənˈsɪs.tən.si/
    Nguyên tắc cam kết/nhất quán
  • Liking principle /ˈlaɪk.ɪŋ ˈprɪn.sə.pl/ mở rộng
    Nguyên tắc yêu thích, thiện cảm
  • /eɡ ænd spuːn ˈmær.ə.θən/
    Cuộc thi chạy với trứng trên thìa
  • /ˈspɒn.sə.ʃɪp fɔːm/
    Mẫu tài trợ, giấy xin gây quỹ
  • /feɪk neɪm/
    Tên giả
  • /pəˈnɪʃ.əs.li/
    Một cách nguy hại (ngấm ngầm)
  • /kəmˈpet.ɪ.tɪv məˈtɪə.ri.ə.lɪz.əm/
    Chủ nghĩa vật chất ganh đua
  • Cố bắt kịp hàng xóm (lối sống ganh đua vật chất)
  • Door-to-door sales /dɔːr tu dɔːr seɪlz/ mở rộng
    Bán hàng tận nhà
  • /ˈtaʊ.əl ɪkˈsper.ɪ.mənt/
    Thí nghiệm với khăn tắm
  • Compliant children /kəmˈplaɪ.ənt ˈtʃɪl.drən/ mở rộng
    Những đứa trẻ dễ nghe lời
  • /ˌsəʊ.ʃəl saɪˈkɒl.ə.dʒi/
    Tâm lý học xã hội
  • /seɪlz ˈtreɪ.nɪŋ ˈprəʊ.ɡræm/
    Chương trình đào tạo bán hàng
  • Environmental message /ɪnˌvaɪ.rənˈmen.təl ˈmes.ɪdʒ/ mở rộng
    Thông điệp về bảo vệ môi trường
  • Behavioural insight /bɪˈheɪ.vjər.əl ˈɪn.saɪt/ mở rộng
    Hiểu biết về hành vi
  • /kəʊˈɒp.ər.eɪt/
    Hợp tác
  • Ethical concern /ˈeθ.ɪ.kəl kənˈsɜːn/ mở rộng
    Mối bận tâm về đạo đức
  • /ˈres.trɒnt ˈpeɪ.trənz/
    Khách quen ở nhà hàng
  • /ˌdʒen.əˈrɒs.ə.ti/
    Sự hào phóng
  • /rɪˈtɜːn ˈfeɪ.vər/
    Đáp lại ân huệ
  • Cialdini’s “Yes! 50 secrets” mở rộng
    Cuốn sách “Yes! 50 Bí Quyết” của Cialdini
  • /ˈsɪn.ɪ.kəl trɪk/
    Mánh khóe bất chấp
  • Maize experiments /meɪz ɪkˈsper.ɪ.mənt/ mở rộng
    Thí nghiệm với chuột (nghĩa bóng cho nghiên cứu tâm lý)
  • /ɪnˈrəʊl.ɪŋ ɪn seɪlz ˈtreɪ.nɪŋ/
    Tham gia khóa huấn luyện bán hàng
  • Influence in real world /ˈɪn.flu.əns ɪn rɪəl wɜːld/ mở rộng
    Ảnh hưởng trong thế giới thực
  • Traveling salesman approach /ˈtræv.əl.ɪŋ ˈseɪlz.mən əˈprəʊtʃ/ mở rộng
    Phương pháp của người bán hàng lữ hành
  • Knack for persuasion /næk fɔː pəˈsweɪ.ʒən/ mở rộng
    Tài thuyết phục
  • Genuine vs. contrived generosity /ˈdʒen.ju.ɪn vs kənˈtraɪvd ˌdʒen.əˈrɒs.ə.ti/ mở rộng
    Hào phóng thật sự so với hào phóng giả
  • /ˌʌn.dəˈpɪn.ɪŋ/
    Nền tảng, cơ sở
  • /ˈbʌb.lɪŋ ˈfluː.ɪdz/
    Dung dịch sủi bọt (trong thí nghiệm)
  • /ˈɪn.stənt tɪp/
    Khoản bo ngay lập tức
  • /rɪˈtɜːn ˈvɪz.ɪts/
    Những lần quay lại mua sắm/dùng dịch vụ
  • Egg-and-spoon race /eɡ ænd spuːn reɪs/ mở rộng
    Cuộc đua trứng trên muỗng (trò chơi truyền thống)
  • Instrumental approach /ˌɪn.strəˈmen.təl əˈprəʊtʃ/ mở rộng
    Cách tiếp cận mang tính phương tiện/công cụ
  • Doorstep selling /ˈdɔː.step ˈsel.ɪŋ/ mở rộng
    Bán hàng ngay trước cửa
  • Extra subtlety /ˈek.strə ˈsʌt.əl.ti/ mở rộng
    Sự tinh tế thêm
  • Behavioural marketing /bɪˈheɪ.vjər.əl ˈmɑː.kɪ.tɪŋ/ mở rộng
    Tiếp thị hành vi
  • High compliance rate /haɪ kəmˈplaɪ.əns reɪt/ mở rộng
    Tỷ lệ tuân theo cao
  • Herd mentality /hɜːd menˈtæl.ə.ti/ mở rộng
    Tâm lý bầy đàn
  • Mental anchoring /ˈmen.təl ˈæŋ.kər.ɪŋ/ mở rộng
    Hiệu ứng mỏ neo về tâm lý
  • Fake aromas /feɪk əˈrəʊ.məz/ mở rộng
    Mùi hương giả (trong siêu thị, casino)
  • In-person experience /ɪnˈpɜː.sən ɪkˈspɪə.ri.əns/ mở rộng
    Trải nghiệm trực tiếp
  • Tangible measurement /ˈtæn.dʒə.bəl ˈmeʒ.ər.mənt/ mở rộng
    Sự đo lường rõ rệt
  • Long-term effect /lɒŋ tɜːm ɪˈfekt/ mở rộng
    Ảnh hưởng dài hạn

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