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The Innovation of Grocery Stores – IELTS Reading

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Đề đọc IELTS Reading “The Innovation of Grocery Stores” – Sự đổi mới của các cửa hàng tạp hóa. Gồm 13 câu (đoạn chứa thông tin, điền từ, trắc nghiệm), 30 từ…

IELTS Academic Reading 13 câu hỏi

Cách làm bài

Đoạn nào chứa thông tin (which paragraph)

  • Đây là câu tìm thông tin cụ thể — KHÔNG theo thứ tự đoạn, nên phải quét toàn bài.
  • Một đoạn có thể là đáp án cho nhiều câu; hãy dựa vào nội dung, đừng loại đoạn quá sớm.
  • Định vị bằng từ khóa/từ đồng nghĩa của câu hỏi thay vì đọc kỹ tuần tự từng chữ.

Điền từ (completion)

  • Tuân thủ giới hạn số từ của đề (ví dụ “NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS”). Vượt quá là sai.
  • Chép chính xác từ trong bài, đúng chính tả và đúng dạng (số ít/nhiều, thì).
  • Dự đoán LOẠI TỪ cần điền (danh từ, động từ, số…) dựa vào ngữ pháp của chỗ trống trước khi tìm.

Trắc nghiệm A/B/C/D

  • Đọc kỹ câu hỏi trước, xác định nó hỏi ý chính hay chi tiết, rồi quay lại đúng đoạn.
  • Đọc HẾT bốn phương án; loại dần phương án sai để tăng xác suất đúng.
  • Bẫy thường gặp: phương án dùng đúng từ trong bài nhưng sai ý, hoặc đúng một nửa. Đáp án đúng thường là cách diễn đạt lại (paraphrase).

Chung

  • Không đọc kỹ toàn bài trước — đọc lướt lấy ý, rồi dùng câu hỏi dẫn đường (scan/skim).
  • Quản lý thời gian: mỗi bài đọc ~20 phút. Câu khó thì đánh dấu, làm tiếp rồi quay lại.

The Innovation of Grocery Stores

A. At the beginning of the 20th century, grocery stores in the United States were full-service. A customer would ask a clerk behind the counter for specific items and the clerk would package the items, which were limited to dry goods. If they want to save some time, they have to ask a delivery boy or by themselves to send the note of what they want to buy to the grocery story first and then go to pay for the goods later. These grocery stores usually carried only one brand of each good. There were early chain stores, such as the A&P Stores, but these were all entirely full-service and very time-consuming.

B. In 1885, a Virginia boy named Clarence Saunders began working part-time as a clerk in a grocery store when he was 14 years old, and quit school when the shopkeeper offered him full-time work with room and board. Later he worked in an Alabama coke plant and in a Tennessee sawmill before he returned to the grocery business. By 1900, when he was nineteen years old, he was earning $30 a month as a salesman for a wholesale grocer. During his years working in the grocery stores, he found that it was very inconvenient and inefficient for people to buy things because more than a century ago, long before there were computers, shopping was done quite differently than it is today. Entering a store, the customer would approach the counter (or wait for a clerk to become available) and place an order, either verbally or, as was often the case for boys running errands, in the form of a note or list. While the customer waited, the clerk would move behind the counter and throughout the store, select the items on the list—some form shelves so high that long-handled grasping device had to be used—and bring them back to the counter to be tallied and bagged or boxed. The process might be expedited by the customer calling or sending in the order beforehand, or by the order being handled by a delivery boy on a bike, but otherwise it did not vary greatly. Saunders, a flamboyant and innovative man, noticed that this method resulted in wasted time and expense, so he came up with an unheard-of solution that would revolutionize the entire grocery industry: he developed a way for shoppers to serve themselves.

C. So in 1902 he moved to Memphis where he developed his concept to form a grocery wholesale cooperative and a full-service grocery store. For his new “cafeteria grocery”, Saunders divided his grocery into three distinct areas: 1) A front “lobby” forming an entrance and exit and checkouts at the front. 2) A sales department, which was specially designed to allow customers to roam the aisles and select their own groceries. Removing unnecessary clerks, creating elaborate aisle displays, and rearranging the store to force customers to view all of the merchandise and over the shelving and cabinets units of sales department were “galleries” where supervisors were allowed to keep an eye on the customers while not disturbing them. 3) And another section of his store is the room only allowed for the clerks which was called the “stockroom” or “storage room” where large refrigerators were situated to keep fresh products from being perishable. The new format allowed multiple customers to shop at the same time, and led to the previously unknown phenomenon of impulse shopping. Though this format of grocery market was drastically different from its competitors, the style became the standard for the modern grocery store and later supermarket.

D. On September 6, 1916, Saunders launched the self-service revolution in the USA by opening the first self-service Piggly Wiggly store, at 79 Jefferson Street in Memphis, Tennessee, with its characteristic turnstile at the entrance. Customers paid cash and selected their own goods from the shelves. It was unlike any other grocery store of that time. Inside a Piggly Wiggly, shoppers were not at the mercy of shop clerks. They were free to roam the store, check out the merchandise and get what they needed with their own two hands and feet. Prices on items at Piggly Wiggly were clearly marked. No one pressured customers to buy milk or pickles. And the biggest benefit at the Piggly Wiggly was that shoppers saved money. Self-service was a positive all around. “It’s good for both the consumer and retailer because it cuts costs,” noted George T. Haley, a professor at the University of New Haven and director of the Center for International Industry Competitiveness. “If you looked at the way grocery stores were run previous to Piggly Wiggly and Alpha Beta, what you find is that there was a tremendous amount of labor involved, and labor is a major expense.” Piggly Wiggly cut the fat.

E. Piggly Wiggly and the self-service concept took off. Saunders opened nine stores in the Memphis area within the first year of business. Consumers embraced the efficiency, the simplicity and most of all the lower food prices. Saunders soon patented his self-service concept, and began franchising Piggly Wiggly stores. Thanks to the benefits of self-service and franchising, Piggly Wiggly ballooned to nearly 1,300 stores by 1923. Piggly Wiggly sold $100 million—worth $1.3 billion today—in groceries, making it the third-biggest grocery retailer in the nation. The company’s stock was even listed on the New York Stock Exchange, doubling from late 1922 to March 1923. Saunders had his hands all over Piggly Wiggly. He was instrumental in the design and layout of his stores. He even invented the turnstile.

F. However Saunders was forced into bankruptcy in 1923 after a dramatic spat with the New York Stock Exchange and he went on to create the “Clarence Saunders sole-owner-of-my-name” chain, which went into bankruptcy.

G. Until the time of his death in October 1953, Saunders was developing plans for another automatic store system called the Foodelectric. But the store, which was to be located two blocks from the first Piggly Wiggly store, never opened. But his name was well-remembered along with the name Piggly Wiggly.

Questions 1–5

The reading Passage has seven paragraphs A–G. Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter A–G in boxes 1–5 on your answer sheet.

1

How Clarence Saunders’ new idea had been carried out.

2

Introducing the modes and patterns of groceries before his age.

3

Clarence Saunders declared bankruptcy a few years later.

4

Descriptions of Clarence Saunders’ new conception.

5

The booming development of his business.

Questions 6–10

Answer the questions below. Write ONLY ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.

6

When Clarence Saunders was an adolescent, he took a job as a ____ in a grocery store.

7

In the new innovation of grocery store, most of the clerks’ work before was done by ____

8

In Saunders’ new grocery store, the section where customers finish the payment was called ____

9

Another area in his store which behind the public area was called the ____, where only internal staff could access.

10

At ____ where customers were under surveillance.

Questions 11–13

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D. Write your answers in boxes 11–13 on your answer sheet.

11

Why did Clarence Saunders want to propel the innovation of grocery stores at his age?

12

What happened to Clarence Saunders’ first store of Piggly Wiggly?

13

What left to Clarence Saunders after his death in 1953?

Từ vựng 30 từ

  • /fʊl ˈsɜː.vɪs ˈɡrəʊ.sər.i stɔːr/
    Cửa hàng tạp hóa phục vụ hoàn toàn bởi nhân viên
  • /dɪˈlɪv.ər.i bɔɪ/
    Chàng trai giao hàng
  • /klɑːrk/
    Nhân viên bán hàng, thư ký
  • /draɪ ɡʊdz/
    Hàng hóa khô
  • /eɪ ænd piː stɔːrz/
    Chuỗi cửa hàng tạp hóa A&P (một trong những chuỗi đời đầu ở Mỹ)
  • /ˈmem.fɪs ˌten.ɪˈsiː/
    Thành phố Memphis, bang Tennessee (Mỹ)
  • /ˈhəʊl.seɪl ˈɡrəʊ.sər/
    Nhà bán buôn tạp phẩm
  • /flæmˈbɔɪ.ənt/
    Khoa trương, rực rỡ
  • /ˈweɪ.stɪd taɪm ænd ɪkˈspens/
    Lãng phí thời gian và chi phí
  • /ˌrev.əˈluː.ʃən.aɪz/
    Cách mạng hóa
  • /self ˈsɜː.vɪs ˈkɒn.sept/
    Khái niệm tự phục vụ
  • /ˌkæf.ɪˈtɪə.ri.ə ˈɡrəʊ.sər.i/
    Cửa hàng tạp hóa kiểu tự phục vụ
  • /ˈlɒb.i/
    Khu vực sảnh, tiền sảnh
  • /seɪlz dɪˈpɑːt.mənt/
    Khu vực bán hàng
  • /ˈstɒk.ruːm/
    Kho chứa hàng
  • /ˈɪm.pʊls ˈʃɒp.ɪŋ/
    Mua sắm bốc đồng
  • /ˈpɪɡ.li ˈwɪɡ.li/
    Tên chuỗi cửa hàng tạp hóa tự phục vụ của Clarence Saunders
  • /ˈtɜːn.staɪl/
    Cổng xoay
  • /æt ðə ˈmɜː.si əv/
    Phụ thuộc, bị chi phối hoàn toàn
  • Marked prices /mɑːkt praɪsɪz/ mở rộng
    Giá niêm yết
  • Professor of competitiveness /prəˈfes.ər əv kəmˈpet.ɪ.tɪv.nəs/ mở rộng
    Giáo sư nghiên cứu về tính cạnh tranh
  • /ˈleɪ.bər ɪz ə ˈmeɪ.dʒər ɪkˈspens/
    Chi phí lao động là khoản lớn
  • Patented his concept /ˈpæt.ən.tɪd hɪz ˈkɒn.sept/ mở rộng
    Cấp bằng sáng chế cho ý tưởng
  • /ˈfræn.tʃaɪ.zɪŋ/
    Nhượng quyền thương hiệu
  • /bəˈluːnd tuː ˈnɪə.li stɔːrz/
    Tăng vọt đến gần 1.300 cửa hàng
  • /θɜːd ˈbɪɡ.ɪst ˈɡrəʊ.sər.i rɪˈteɪ.lər/
    Nhà bán lẻ tạp hóa lớn thứ ba
  • /ˈbæŋ.krəpt.si/
    Phá sản
  • /drəˈmæt.ɪk spæt/
    Cuộc tranh cãi gay gắt
  • /səʊl ˈəʊn.ər əv maɪ neɪm tʃeɪn/
    Chuỗi cửa hàng “Clarence Saunders sole-owner-of-my-name”
  • /fuːd.ɪˈlek.trɪk/
    Dự án cửa hàng tự động khác mà Saunders muốn phát triển

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