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The History of Tea – IELTS Reading

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Đề đọc IELTS Reading “The History of Tea” – Lịch sử của trà. Gồm 13 câu (điền từ, True/False/Not Given), 92 từ vựng, đáp án chi tiết & dịch tiếng Việt từng…

IELTS Academic Reading 13 câu hỏi

Cách làm bài

Điền từ (completion)

  • Tuân thủ giới hạn số từ của đề (ví dụ “NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS”). Vượt quá là sai.
  • Chép chính xác từ trong bài, đúng chính tả và đúng dạng (số ít/nhiều, thì).
  • Dự đoán LOẠI TỪ cần điền (danh từ, động từ, số…) dựa vào ngữ pháp của chỗ trống trước khi tìm.

True / False / Not Given (theo thông tin bài)

  • TRUE = đúng với thông tin trong bài; FALSE = trái ngược/không thể đúng cùng lúc với bài; NOT GIVEN = bài không cung cấp thông tin.
  • Câu hỏi đi theo thứ tự đoạn văn — định vị bằng từ khóa rồi đối chiếu từng chi tiết.
  • Cảnh giác từ tuyệt đối (all, only, never, always): chỉ cần một chi tiết lệch là FALSE.
  • Không suy diễn bằng kiến thức ngoài bài — chỉ dựa vào những gì đoạn văn viết ra.

Chung

  • Không đọc kỹ toàn bài trước — đọc lướt lấy ý, rồi dùng câu hỏi dẫn đường (scan/skim).
  • Quản lý thời gian: mỗi bài đọc ~20 phút. Câu khó thì đánh dấu, làm tiếp rồi quay lại.

The History of Tea

Mở đầu The story of tea begins in China. According to legend, in 2737 BC, the Chinese emperor Shen Nung was sitting beneath a tree while his servant boiled drinking water, when some leaves from the tree blew into the water. Shen Nung, a renowned herbalist, decided to try the infusion that his servant had accidentally created. The tree was a Camellia sinensis, and the resulting drink was what we now call tea.

It is impossible to know whether there is any truth in this story. But tea drinking certainly became established in China many centuries before it had even been heard of in the West. Containers for tea have been found in tombs dating from the Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 AD) but it was under the Tang Dynasty (618-906 AD), that tea became firmly established as the national drink of China.

It became such a favourite that during the late eighth century a writer called Lu Yu wrote the first book entirely about tea, the Ch’a Ching, or Tea Classic. It was shortly after this that tea was first introduced to Japan, by Japanese Buddhist monks who had travelled to China to study. Tea received almost instant imperial sponsorship and spread rapidly from the royal court and monasteries to the other sections of Japanese society.

So at this stage in the history of tea, Europe was rather lagging behind. In the latter half of the sixteenth century there are the first brief mentions of tea as a drink among Europeans. These are mostly from Portuguese who were living in the East as traders and missionaries. But although some of these individuals may have brought back samples of tea to their native country, it was not the Portuguese who were the first to ship back tea as a commercial import.

This was done by the Dutch, who in the last years of the sixteenth century began to encroach on Portuguese trading routes in the East. By the turn of the century they had established a trading post on the island of Java, and it was via Java that in 1606 the first consignment of tea was shipped from China to Holland. Tea soon became a fashionable drink among the Dutch, and from there spread to other countries in continental western Europe, but because of its high price it remained a drink for the wealthy.

Britain, always a little suspicious of continental trends, had yet to become the nation of tea drinkers that it is today. Starting in 1600, the British East India Company had a monopoly on importing goods from outside Europe, and it is likely that sailors on these ships brought tea home as gifts. The first coffee house had been established in London in 1652, and tea was still somewhat unfamiliar to most readers, so it is fair to assume that the drink was still something of a curiosity.

Gradually, it became a popular drink in coffee houses, which were as much locations for the transaction of business as they were for relaxation or pleasure. They were though the preserve of middle- and upper-class men; women drank tea in their own homes, and as yet tea was still too expensive to be widespread among the working classes. In part, its high price was due to a punitive system of taxation.

One unforeseen consequence of the taxation of tea was the growth of methods to avoid taxation—smuggling and adulteration. By the eighteenth century many Britons wanted to drink tea but could not afford the high prices, and their enthusiasm for the drink was matched by the enthusiasm of criminal gangs to smuggle it in. What began as a small-time illegal trade, selling a few pounds of tea to personal contacts, developed by the late eighteenth century into an astonishing organised crime network, perhaps importing as much as 7 million lbs annually, compared to a legal import of 5 million lbs!

Worse for the drinkers was that taxation also encouraged the adulteration of tea, particularly of smuggled tea which was not quality-controlled through customs and excise. Leaves from other plants, or leaves which had already been brewed and then dried, were added to tea leaves. By 1784, the government realised that enough was enough, and that heavy taxation was creating more problems than it was worth. The new Prime Minister, William Pitt the Younger, slashed the tax from 119 per cent to 12.5 per cent. Suddenly legal tea was affordable, and smuggling stopped virtually overnight.

Another great impetus to tea drinking resulted from the end of the East India Company’s monopoly on trade with China, in 1834. Before that date, China was the country of origin of the vast majority of the tea imported to Britain, but the end of its monopoly stimulated the East India Company to consider growing tea outside China. India had always been the centre of the Company’s operations, which led to the increased cultivation of tea in India, beginning in Assam. There were a few false starts, including the destruction by cattle of one of the earliest tea nurseries, but by 1888 British tea imports from India were for the first time greater than those from China.

The end of the East India Company’s monopoly on trade with China also had another result, which was more dramatic though less important in the long term: it ushered in the era of the tea clippers. While the Company had had the monopoly on trade, there was no rush to bring the tea from China to Britain, but after 1834 the tea trade became a virtual free-for-all.

Individual merchants and sea captains with their own ships raced to bring home the tea and make the most money, using fast new clippers which had sleek lines, tall masts and huge sails. In particular there was competition between British and American merchants, leading to the famous clipper races of the 1860s. But these races soon came to an end with the opening of the Suez canal, which made the trade routes to China viable for steamships for the first time.

Questions 1–7

Complete the sentences below with words taken from Reading Passage. Use ONE WORD for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 1–7 on your answer sheet.

1

Researchers believed the tea containers detected in ____ from the Han Dynasty was the first evidence of the use of tea.

2

Lu Yu wrote a ____ about tea before anyone else in the eighth century.

3

It was ____ from Japan who brought tea to their native country from China.

4

Tea was carried from China to Europe actually by the ____.

5

The British government had to cut down the taxation on tea due to the serious crime of ____.

6

Tea was planted in ____ besides China in the 19th century.

7

In order to compete in shipping speed, traders used ____ for the race.

Questions 8–13

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage? In boxes 8–13 on your answer sheet, write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information, FALSE if the statement contradicts the information, NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this.

8

Tea was popular in Britain in the 16th century.

9

Tea was more fashionable than coffee in Europe in the late 16th century.

10

Tea was enjoyed by all classes in Britain in the seventeenth century.

11

The adulteration of tea also prompted William Pitt the Younger to reduce the tax.

12

Initial problems occurred when tea was planted outside China by the East India Company.

13

The fastest vessels were owned by America during the 19th century clipper races.

Từ vựng 92 từ

  • /rɪˈnaʊnd/
    Nổi tiếng
  • /ˈhɜː.bəl.ɪst/
    Người chuyên về dược liệu
  • /ɪnˈfjuː.ʒən/
    Sự pha (trà, thảo dược)
  • /ɪˈstæb.lɪʃt/
    Được thành lập, được thiết lập
  • /ˈledʒ.ənd/
    Truyền thuyết
  • /tuːm/
    Ngôi mộ
  • /ˈdɪn.ə.sti/
    Triều đại
  • /ˈnæʃ.ən.əl drɪŋk/
    Thức uống quốc gia
  • /ˈfeɪ.vər.ɪt/
    Yêu thích
  • /mʌŋk/
    Thầy tu, nhà sư
  • /ɪmˈpɪə.ri.əl ˈspɒn.sə.ʃɪp/
    Sự bảo trợ của hoàng gia
  • Europe lagging behind /ˈjʊə.rəp ˈlæɡ.ɪŋ bɪˈhaɪnd/ mở rộng
    Châu Âu tụt hậu
  • /ˈtreɪ.dərz/
    Thương nhân
  • /ˈmɪʃ.ən.ər.i/
    Nhà truyền giáo
  • /kəˈmɜː.ʃəl ˈɪm.pɔːt/
    Nhập khẩu mang tính thương mại
  • /ɪnˈkrəʊtʃ/
    Xâm phạm, xâm lấn
  • /kənˈsaɪn.mənt/
    Lô hàng
  • /ˈfæʃ.ən.ə.bəl/
    Thời thượng
  • /ˈwel.θi/
    Giàu có
  • /səˈspɪʃ.əs/
    Đáng nghi ngờ
  • /məˈnɒp.əl.i/
    Độc quyền
  • /ˈseɪ.lər/
    Thủy thủ
  • /ˈkɒf.i haʊs/
    Quán cà phê (cũng là nơi trao đổi, giao dịch trong lịch sử)
  • /trænˈzæk.ʃən əv ˈbɪz.nɪs/
    Giao dịch kinh doanh
  • /prɪˈzɜːv əv ˈmɪd.əl ænd ˈʌp.ə.klɑːs men/
    Nơi dành riêng cho nam giới tầng lớp trung và thượng lưu
  • Punitive taxation /ˈpjuː.nɪ.tɪv tækˈseɪ.ʃən/ mở rộng
    Hệ thống thuế mang tính trừng phạt
  • /ˌʌn.fɔːˈsiːn ˈkɒn.sɪ.kwəns/
    Hậu quả không lường trước
  • /ˈsmʌɡ.lɪŋ/
    Buôn lậu
  • /əˌdʌl.təˈreɪ.ʃən/
    Sự pha trộn, làm giả (chất lượng)
  • /ˈkrɪm.ɪ.nəl ɡæŋ/
    Băng nhóm tội phạm
  • /ˈɔː.ɡən.aɪzd kraɪm ˈnet.wɜːk/
    Mạng lưới tội phạm có tổ chức
  • /ˈkwɒl.ɪ.ti kənˈtrəʊld/
    Kiểm soát chất lượng
  • /ˈhev.i tækˈseɪ.ʃən/
    Thuế cao
  • /wɜːθ/
    Đáng giá
  • /slæʃt/
    Giảm mạnh
  • /məˈnɒp.əl.i ɒn treɪd/
    Độc quyền thương mại
  • /vɑːst məˈdʒɒr.ə.ti/
    Phần lớn
  • Stimulate /ˈstɪm.jə.leɪt/ mở rộng
    Kích thích
  • /ˌkʌl.tɪˈveɪ.ʃən/
    Canh tác
  • /fɒls stɑːt/
    Khởi đầu không suôn sẻ
  • /ˈnɜː.sər.i/
    Vườn ươm
  • /tiː ˈɪm.pɔːt/
    Nhập khẩu trà
  • /ˈɪə.rə əv ðə tiː ˈklɪp.ərz/
    Kỷ nguyên của những tàu buồm chở trà
  • /sliːk laɪnz/
    Thân tàu (hoặc thiết kế) mượt mà
  • /ˈmɜː.tʃənt/
    Thương gia
  • /ˈstiːm.ʃɪp/
    Tàu hơi nước
  • /ˈfriː.fər.ɔːl/
    Môi trường tự do cạnh tranh, không có hạn chế
  • /ˈmɒn.ə.striz/
    Các tu viện
  • /kəˈmiː.li.ə sɪˈnen.sɪs/
    Cây chè (trà)
  • /ˌkjʊə.riˈɒs.ə.ti/
    Sự tò mò
  • Lavish /ˈlæv.ɪʃ/ mở rộng
    Xa hoa, hoang phí (liên quan đến chi phí cao)
  • Shipping route /ˈʃɪp.ɪŋ ruːt/ mở rộng
    Tuyến đường vận chuyển
  • /ˈɪm.pɪ.təs/
    Động lực, lực đẩy
  • Spur /spɜːr/ mở rộng
    Khuyến khích, thúc đẩy
  • /ˈʌp.ə klɑːs/
    Tầng lớp thượng lưu
  • Middle class /ˈmɪd.əl klɑːs/ mở rộng
    Tầng lớp trung lưu
  • /ˈwɜː.kɪŋ klɑːs/
    Tầng lớp lao động
  • /ˈbʊd.ɪst mʌŋk/
    Nhà sư Phật giáo
  • /ˌpɔː.tʃʊˈɡiːz/
    Người Bồ Đào Nha
  • /dʌtʃ/
    Người Hà Lan
  • /ˈdʒɑː.və/
    Đảo Java (Indonesia)
  • /ˈsuː.ɪz kəˈnæl/
    Kênh đào Suez
  • /ˈvaɪ.ə.bəl/
    Có thể tồn tại hoặc có thể thực hiện
  • /kənˈteɪ.nər/
    Hộp đựng, vật chứa
  • Ill-fated /ˌɪlˈfeɪ.tɪd/ mở rộng
    Bất hạnh, xui xẻo
  • Prohibitively expensive /prəˈhɪb.ɪ.tɪv.li ɪkˈspen.sɪv/ mở rộng
    Đắt đến mức không mua nổi
  • Malpractice /ˌmælˈpræk.tɪs/ mở rộng
    Hành động sai trái, vi phạm
  • /ˈliː.ɡəl ˈɪm.pɔːt/
    Nhập khẩu hợp pháp
  • Suffix -ly /ˈsʌf.ɪks li/ mở rộng
    Hậu tố “-ly” (hình thành trạng từ)
  • Sponsor /ˈspɒn.sər/ mở rộng
    Bảo trợ, tài trợ
  • Plantation /plænˈteɪ.ʃən/ mở rộng
    Đồn điền
  • Cultivated /ˈkʌl.tɪ.veɪ.tɪd/ mở rộng
    Được trồng trọt, canh tác
  • Per capita consumption /pɜː ˈkæp.ɪ.tə kənˈsʌmp.ʃən/ mở rộng
    Mức tiêu thụ trên đầu người
  • /ˈlæt.ər hɑːf/
    Nửa sau
  • /pɪt ðə ˈjʌŋ.ɡər/
    Tên riêng (William Pitt Trẻ)
  • /trænˈzæk.ʃən/
    Giao dịch
  • /spred ˈræp.ɪd.li/
    Lan truyền nhanh chóng
  • /ˌkɒn.tɪˈnen.təl/
    Thuộc lục địa
  • /ˈrɔɪ.əl kɔːt/
    Triều đình hoàng gia
  • /ɪmˈpɪə.ri.əl/
    Thuộc hoàng gia hoặc đế quốc
  • Striking difference /ˈstraɪ.kɪŋ ˈdɪf.ər.əns/ mở rộng
    Sự khác biệt nổi bật
  • Taxation policy /tækˈseɪ.ʃən ˈpɒl.ə.si/ mở rộng
    Chính sách thuế
  • Slashing taxes /slæʃɪŋ tæksɪz/ mở rộng
    Cắt giảm thuế mạnh
  • Out of reach /aʊt ɒv riːtʃ/ mở rộng
    Vượt tầm với
  • Tea clipper races /tiː ˈklɪp.ər reɪsɪz/ mở rộng
    Các cuộc đua tàu buồm chở trà
  • Opened the Suez canal /ˈəʊ.pənd ðə ˈsuː.ɪz kəˈnæl/ mở rộng
    Mở kênh đào Suez
  • /əˈsæm/
    Tiểu bang Assam (Ấn Độ), nơi phát triển trà
  • Prominent role /ˈprɒm.ɪ.nənt rəʊl/ mở rộng
    Vai trò nổi bật
  • Stimulus /ˈstɪm.jə.ləs/ mở rộng
    Sự kích thích
  • Historian /hɪsˈtɔː.ri.ən/ mở rộng
    Nhà sử học
  • Archaeological evidence /ˌɑː.ki.ə.lɒdʒ.ɪ.kl ˈev.ɪ.dəns/ mở rộng
    Bằng chứng khảo cổ
  • Contemporary /kənˈtem.pər.ər.i/ mở rộng
    Đương đại

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