Trang chủ Reading Extinct: the Giant Deer – IELTS Reading

Extinct: the Giant Deer – IELTS Reading

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Đề đọc IELTS Reading “Extinct: the Giant Deer” – Tuyệt chủng: Hươu khổng lồ. Gồm 13 câu (điền từ, nối thông tin, trắc nghiệm), 129 từ vựng, đáp án chi tiết &…

IELTS Academic Reading 13 câu hỏi

Cách làm bài

Điền từ (completion)

  • Tuân thủ giới hạn số từ của đề (ví dụ “NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS”). Vượt quá là sai.
  • Chép chính xác từ trong bài, đúng chính tả và đúng dạng (số ít/nhiều, thì).
  • Dự đoán LOẠI TỪ cần điền (danh từ, động từ, số…) dựa vào ngữ pháp của chỗ trống trước khi tìm.

Nối (matching)

  • Đọc kỹ vế/đề đã cho, tìm trong bài đoạn nói cùng nội dung — đáp án thường được diễn đạt lại bằng từ đồng nghĩa.
  • Với nối phần kết câu: ghép sao cho câu hoàn chỉnh vừa đúng NGHĨA vừa đúng NGỮ PHÁP.
  • Loại trừ dần các lựa chọn đã dùng; đọc lướt cả danh sách trước khi quyết định để tránh chọn trùng.

Trắc nghiệm A/B/C/D

  • Đọc kỹ câu hỏi trước, xác định nó hỏi ý chính hay chi tiết, rồi quay lại đúng đoạn.
  • Đọc HẾT bốn phương án; loại dần phương án sai để tăng xác suất đúng.
  • Bẫy thường gặp: phương án dùng đúng từ trong bài nhưng sai ý, hoặc đúng một nửa. Đáp án đúng thường là cách diễn đạt lại (paraphrase).

Chung

  • Không đọc kỹ toàn bài trước — đọc lướt lấy ý, rồi dùng câu hỏi dẫn đường (scan/skim).
  • Quản lý thời gian: mỗi bài đọc ~20 phút. Câu khó thì đánh dấu, làm tiếp rồi quay lại.

Extinct: the Giant Deer

Mở đầu Toothed cats, mastodons, giant sloths, woolly rhinos, and many other big, shaggy mammals are widely thought to have died out around the end of the last ice age, some 10,500 years ago.

A. The Irish elk is also known as the giant deer (Megaloceros giganteus). Analysis of ancient bones and teeth by scientists based in Britain and Russia show the huge herbivore survived until about 5,000 B.C.—more than three millennia later than previously believed. The research team says this suggests additional factors, besides climate change, probably hastened the giant deer’s eventual extinction. The factors could include hunting or habitat destruction by humans.

B. The Irish elk, so-called because its well-preserved remains are often found in lake sediments under peat bogs in Ireland, first appeared about 400,000 years ago in Europe and central Asia. Through a combination of radiocarbon dating of skeletal remains and the mapping of locations where the remains were unearthed, the team shows the Irish elk was widespread across Europe before the last “big freeze.” The deer’s range later contracted to the Ural Mountains, in modern-day Russia, which separate Europe from Asia.

C. The giant deer made its last stand in western Siberia, some 3,000 years after the ice sheets receded, said the study’s co-author, Adrian Lister, professor of palaeobiology at University College London, England. “The eastern foothills of the Urals became very densely forested about 8,000 years ago, which could have pushed them on to the plain,” he said. He added that pollen analysis indicates the region then became very dry in response to further climactic change, leading to the loss of important food plants. “In combination with human pressures, this could have finally snuffed them out,” Lister said.

D. Hunting by humans has often been put forward as a contributory cause of extinctions of the Pleistocene mega fauna. The team, though, said their new date for the Irish elk’s extinction hints at an additional human-made problem-habitat destruction. Lister said, “We haven’t got just hunting 7,000 years ago-this was also about the time the first Neolithic people settled in the region. They were farmers who would have cleared the land.” The presence of humans may help explain why the Irish elk was unable to tough out the latest of many climatic fluctuations-periods it had survived in the past.

E. Meanwhile, Lister cast doubt on another possible explanation for the deer’s demise-the male’s huge antlers. Some scientists have suggested this exaggerated feature-the result of females preferring stags with the largest antlers, possibly because they advertised a male’s fitness -contributed to the mammal’s downfall. They say such antlers would have been a serious inconvenience in the dense forests that spread northward after the last ice age. But, Lister said, “That’s a hard argument to make, because the deer previously survived perfectly well through wooded interglacials [warmer periods between ice ages].” Some research has suggested that a lack of sufficient high-quality forage caused the extinction of the elk. High amounts of calcium and phosphate compounds are required to form antlers, and therefore large quantities of these minerals are required for the massive structures of the Irish Elk. The males (and male deer in general) met this requirement partly from their bones, replenishing them from food plants after the antlers were grown or reclaiming the nutrients from discarded antlers (as has been observed in extant deer). Thus, in the antler growth phase. Giant Deer were suffering from a condition similar to osteoporosis. When the climate changed at the end of the last glacial period, the vegetation in the animal’s habitat also changed towards species that presumably could not deliver sufficient amounts of the required minerals, at least in the western part of its range.

F. The extinction of megafauna around the world was almost completed by the end of the last ice age. It is believed that megafauna initially came into existence in response to glacial conditions and became extinct with the onset of warmer climates. Tropical and subtropical areas have experienced less radical climatic change. The most dramatic of these changes was the transformation of a vast area of north Africa into the world’s largest desert. Significantly, Africa escaped major faunal extinction as did tropical and sub-tropical Asia. The human exodus from Africa and our entrance into the Americas and Australia were also accompanied by climate change. Australia’s climate changed from cold-dry to warm-dry. As a result, surface water became scarce. Most inland lakes became completely dry or dry in the warmer seasons. Most large, predominantly browsing animals lost their habitat and retreated to a narrow band in eastern Australia, where there was permanent water and better vegetation. Some animals may have survived until about 7000 years ago. If people have been in Australia for up to 60 000 years, then megafauna must have co-existed with humans for at least 30 000 years. Regularly hunted modem kangaroos survived not only 10 000 years of Aboriginal hunting, but also an onslaught of commercial shooters.

G. The group of scientists led by A.J. Stuart focused on northern Eurasia, which he was taking as Europe, plus Siberia, essentially, where they ‘ve got the best data that animals became extinct in Europe during the Late Pleistocene. Some cold-adapted animals, go through into the last part of the cold stage, and then become extinct up there. So you’ve actually got two phases of extinction. Now, neither of these coincide — these are Neanderthals here being replaced by modem humans. There’s no obvious coincidence between the arrival of humans or climatic change alone and these extinctions. There’s a climatic change here, so there’s a double effect here. Again, as animals come through to the last part of the cold stage, here there’s a fundamental change in the climate, reorganization of vegetation, and the combination of the climatic change and the presence of humans — of advanced Paleolithic humans — causes this wave of extinction. There’s a profound difference between the North American data and that of Europe, which summarize that the extinctions in northern Eurasia, in Europe, are moderate and staggered, and in North America severe and sudden. And these things relate to the differences in the timing of human arrival. The extinctions follow from human predation, but only at times of fundamental changes in the environment.

Questions 28–32

Complete the summary below. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage. Having been preserved well in Europe and central Asia, the remains of the Irish elk was initially found approximately (28) ____. Around (29) ____, they were driven to live in the plain after being restricted to the Ural Mountains. Hunting was considered as one of the important factors of Irish elk’s extinction, people have not started hunting until (30) ____ when Irish elk used to get through under a variety of climatic fluctuations. The huge antlers may possibly contribute to the reason why Irish elk extinct, which was highly controversial as they live pleasantly over the span of (31) ____. Generally, it is well-known that, at the last maximum ice age, mammals become extinct about (32) ____.

28

the remains of the Irish elk was initially found approximately (28) ____.

29

Around (29) ____, they were driven to live in the plain after being restricted to the Ural Mountains.

30

people have not started hunting until (30) ____ when Irish elk used to get through under a variety of climatic fluctuations.

31

which was highly controversial as they live pleasantly over the span of (31) ____.

32

at the last maximum ice age, mammals become extinct about (32) ____.

Questions 33–35

Answer the questions below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.

33

What kind of physical characteristics eventually contributed to the extinction of Irish elk?

34

What kind of nutrient substance needed in maintaining the huge size of Irish elk?

35

What geographical evidence suggested the advent of human resulted in the extinction of Irish elk?

Questions 36–39

Match the continents (A–D) with the descriptions below. Choose the letter A-D.

A. Eurasia B. Australia C. Asia D. Africa
36

the continents where humans imposed little impact on large mammals extinction

37

the continents where the climatic change was mild and fauna remains

38

the continents where both humans and climatic change are the causes

39

the continents where the climatic change along caused a massive extinction

Question 40

Which statement is true according the Stuart team’s finding?

40

Which statement is true according the Stuart team’s finding?

Từ vựng 129 từ

  • /tuːθt kæts/
    mèo răng kiếm
  • /ˈmæstədɒnz/
    voi răng mấu
  • /ˈdʒaɪənt slɒθs/
    lười khổng lồ
  • /ˈwʊli ˈraɪnəʊz/
    tê giác lông mượt
  • /ˈʃæɡi/
    lông lá, bù xù
  • /daɪd aʊt/
    tuyệt chủng
  • /aɪs eɪdʒ/
    kỷ băng hà
  • /ˈaɪrɪʃ ɛlk/
    nai sừng tấm Ireland
  • /ˈdʒaɪənt dɪər/
    hươu khổng lồ
  • /ˈeɪnʃənt bəʊnz/
    xương cổ đại
  • /ˈhɜːrbɪvɔːr/
    động vật ăn cỏ
  • /sərˈvaɪvd/
    sống sót
  • /mɪˈlɛniə/
    thiên niên kỷ (số nhiều)
  • /ˈpriːviəsli bɪˈliːvd/
    được tin trước đây
  • /ˈfæktərz/
    yếu tố
  • /ˈheɪsnd/
    thúc đẩy nhanh
  • /ɪˈvɛntʃuəl/
    cuối cùng
  • /ɪkˈstɪŋkʃən/
    sự tuyệt chủng
  • /ˈhæbɪtæt dɪˈstrʌkʃən/
    phá hủy môi trường sống
  • /wɛl prɪˈzɜːrvd/
    được bảo quản tốt
  • /rɪˈmeɪnz/
    hài cốt, tàn tích
  • /ˈsɛdɪmənts/
    trầm tích
  • /piːt bɒɡz/
    đầm lầy than bùn
  • /ˌreɪdiəʊˈkɑːrbən ˈdeɪtɪŋ/
    định tuổi bằng đồng vị carbon
  • /ˈskɛlɪtl/
    (thuộc) xương
  • /ʌnˈɜːrθt/
    khai quật
  • /ˌwaɪdˈsprɛd/
    lan rộng
  • /kənˈtræktɪd/
    thu hẹp lại
  • /rɪˈsiːdɪd/
    rút lui (băng tan)
  • /kəʊ ˈɔːθər/
    đồng tác giả
  • /ˌpeɪliəʊbaɪˈɒlədʒi/
    cổ sinh vật học
  • /ˈfʊthɪlz/
    chân đồi
  • /ˈdɛnsli ˈfɒrɪstɪd/
    rừng rậm rạp
  • /pleɪn/
    đồng bằng
  • /ˈpɒlən əˈnæləsɪs/
    phân tích phấn hoa
  • /ˈɪndɪkeɪts/
    chỉ ra
  • /draɪ/
    khô hạn
  • snuffed out /snʌft aʊt/ mở rộng
    dập tắt (làm tuyệt chủng)
  • /kənˈtrɪbjʊtəri kɔːz/
    nguyên nhân đóng góp
  • /ˌmɛɡəˈfɔːnə/
    động vật cỡ lớn
  • /ˌniːəʊˈlɪθɪk/
    thời kỳ đồ đá mới
  • /ˈsɛtld/
    định cư
  • /ˈfɑːrmərz/
    nông dân
  • /klɪərd ðə lænd/
    khai hoang
  • /tʌf aʊt/
    chịu đựng, vượt qua
  • /klaɪˈmætɪk ˌflʌktʃuˈeɪʃənz/
    biến động khí hậu
  • /dɪˈmaɪz/
    cái chết, sự sụp đổ
  • /ˈæntlərz/
    gạc (hươu, nai)
  • /ɪɡˈzædʒəreɪtɪd/
    phóng đại, quá mức
  • /stæɡz/
    hươu đực
  • /ˈfɪtnɪs/
    sức khỏe, sự phù hợp
  • /ˈdaʊnfɔːl/
    sự sụp đổ
  • /ˌɪnkənˈviːniəns/
    sự bất tiện
  • /dɛns ˈfɔːrɪsts/
    rừng rậm
  • /ˌɪntərˈɡleɪʃəlz/
    thời kỳ gian băng (ấm áp)
  • /ˈfɒrɪdʒ/
    thức ăn gia súc (cỏ)
  • /ˈkælsiəm/
    canxi
  • /ˈfɒsfeɪt/
    phốt phát
  • /ˈmɪnərəlz/
    khoáng chất
  • /ˈmæsɪv ˈstrʌktʃərz/
    cấu trúc khổng lồ
  • /rɪˈplɛnɪʃɪŋ/
    bổ sung
  • /dɪsˈkɑːrdɪd/
    bị loại bỏ (rụng)
  • /ˌɒstiəʊpəˈrəʊsɪs/
    loãng xương
  • /ˈɡleɪʃəl ˈpɪəriəd/
    kỷ băng hà
  • /ˌvɛdʒɪˈteɪʃən/
    thảm thực vật
  • /ˈrædɪkəl/
    triệt để, căn bản
  • /ˌtrænsfərˈmeɪʃən/
    sự biến đổi
  • /ˈdɛzərt/
    sa mạc
  • /ˈfɔːnl ɪkˈstɪŋkʃən/
    sự tuyệt chủng động vật
  • /ˈɛksədəs/
    cuộc di cư hàng loạt
  • /əˈkʌmpənid baɪ/
    đi kèm với
  • /skɛərs/
    khan hiếm
  • /ˈɪnlænd leɪks/
    hồ nội địa
  • /prɪˈdɒmɪnəntli/
    chủ yếu
  • /ˈbraʊzɪŋ ˈænɪməlz/
    động vật ăn lá
  • /rɪˈtriːtɪd/
    rút lui
  • /ˈpɜːrmənənt ˈwɔːtər/
    nước vĩnh cửu
  • /kəʊ ɪɡˈzɪstɪd/
    cùng tồn tại
  • /ˌæbəˈrɪdʒɪnl/
    (thuộc) thổ dân Úc
  • /ˈɒnslɔːt/
    cuộc tấn công dữ dội
  • /ˈʃuːtərz/
    thợ săn
  • /jʊˈreɪʒə/
    Á-Âu
  • /kəʊld əˈdæptɪd/
    thích nghi với lạnh
  • /feɪzɪz/
    giai đoạn
  • /ˌkəʊɪnˈsaɪd/
    trùng hợp
  • /niˈændərθɑːlz/
    người Neanderthal
  • /ˌfʌndəˈmɛntl/
    cơ bản
  • /riːˌɔːrɡənaɪˈzeɪʃən/
    sự tổ chức lại
  • /ˌpeɪliəʊˈlɪθɪk/
    thời kỳ đồ đá cũ
  • /prəˈfaʊnd/
    sâu sắc
  • /ˈmɒdərət/
    vừa phải
  • /ˈstæɡərd/
    so le, rải rác
  • /sɪˈvɪər/
    nghiêm trọng
  • /ˈsʌdn/
    đột ngột
  • /prɪˈdeɪʃən/
    sự săn mồi
  • imposed /ɪmˈpəʊzd/ mở rộng
    áp đặt, gây ra
  • /mæsɪv/
    to lớn
  • solely /ˈsəʊlli/ mở rộng
    duy nhất
  • responsible /rɪˈspɒnsɪbl/ mở rộng
    chịu trách nhiệm
  • /ˈdeɪtə/
    dữ liệu
  • /əˈnæləsɪs/
    phân tích
  • /ˈstʌdi/
    nghiên cứu
  • /tiːm/
    nhóm
  • /səˈdʒɛsts/
    gợi ý
  • /bɪˈliːvd/
    được tin là
  • /lɒs/
    sự mất mát
  • /ˈprɛʃərz/
    áp lực
  • /hɪnts/
    gợi ý
  • /ɪkˈspleɪn/
    giải thích
  • /daʊt/
    nghi ngờ
  • /ˈɑːrɡjʊmənt/
    lập luận
  • /əbˈzɜːrvd/
    được quan sát
  • /ˈɒnsɛt/
    sự bắt đầu
  • /ɪˈskeɪpt/
    thoát khỏi
  • /ˈɛntrəns/
    sự đi vào
  • /ˈfəʊkəst/
    tập trung
  • /ɪˈfɛkt/
    hiệu ứng
  • /weɪv/
    làn sóng
  • /ˈsʌməraɪz/
    tóm tắt
  • /rɪˈleɪt/
    liên quan
  • /ˈtaɪmɪŋ/
    thời điểm
  • /ɪnˈvaɪərənmənt/
    môi trường
  • physical characteristics /ˈfɪzɪkəl ˌkærəktəˈrɪstɪks/ mở rộng
    đặc điểm thể chất
  • nutrient substance /ˈnjuːtriənt ˈsʌbstəns/ mở rộng
    chất dinh dưỡng
  • geographical evidence /ˌdʒiːəˈɡræfɪkəl ˈɛvɪdəns/ mở rộng
    bằng chứng địa lý
  • advent /ˈædvɛnt/ mở rộng
    sự đến
  • impact /ˈɪmpækt/ mở rộng
    tác động
  • mild /maɪld/ mở rộng
    nhẹ
  • finding /ˈfaɪndɪŋ/ mở rộng
    phát hiện

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Extinct: the Giant Deer – IELTS Reading

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