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Talc Powder – IELTS Reading

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Đề đọc IELTS Reading “Talc Powder” – Bột talc. Gồm 14 câu (nối thông tin, điền từ), 148 từ vựng, đáp án chi tiết & dịch tiếng Việt từng đoạn.

IELTS Academic Reading 14 câu hỏi

Cách làm bài

Nối (matching)

  • Đọc kỹ vế/đề đã cho, tìm trong bài đoạn nói cùng nội dung — đáp án thường được diễn đạt lại bằng từ đồng nghĩa.
  • Với nối phần kết câu: ghép sao cho câu hoàn chỉnh vừa đúng NGHĨA vừa đúng NGỮ PHÁP.
  • Loại trừ dần các lựa chọn đã dùng; đọc lướt cả danh sách trước khi quyết định để tránh chọn trùng.

Điền từ (completion)

  • Tuân thủ giới hạn số từ của đề (ví dụ “NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS”). Vượt quá là sai.
  • Chép chính xác từ trong bài, đúng chính tả và đúng dạng (số ít/nhiều, thì).
  • Dự đoán LOẠI TỪ cần điền (danh từ, động từ, số…) dựa vào ngữ pháp của chỗ trống trước khi tìm.

Chung

  • Không đọc kỹ toàn bài trước — đọc lướt lấy ý, rồi dùng câu hỏi dẫn đường (scan/skim).
  • Quản lý thời gian: mỗi bài đọc ~20 phút. Câu khó thì đánh dấu, làm tiếp rồi quay lại.

Talc Powder

A. Peter Rigg discovers how talc from Luzenac’s Trimouns in France finds its way into food and agricultural products—from chewing gum to olive oil. High in the French Pyrenees, some 1,700 m above sea level, lies Trimouns, a huge deposit of hydrated magnesium silicate—talc to you and me. Talc from Trimouns, and from ten other Luzenac mines across the globe, is used in the manufacture of a vast array of everyday products extending from paper, paint and plaster to cosmetics, plastics and car tyres. And of course there is always talc’s best known end use: talcum powder for babies’ bottoms. But the true versatility of this remarkable mineral is nowhere better displayed than in its sometimes surprising use in certain niche markets in the food and agriculture industries.

B. Take, for example, the chewing-gum business. Every year, Talc de Luzenac France— which owns and operates the Trimouns mine and is a member of the international Luzenac Group (part of Rio Tinto Minerals)—supplies about 6,000 tonnes of talc to chewing-gum manufacturers in Europe. “We’ve been selling to this sector of the market since the 1960s,” says Laurent Fournier, sales manager in Luzenac’s Specialties business unit in Toulouse. “Admittedly, in terms of our total annual sales of talc, the amount we supply to chewing-gum manufacturers is relatively small, but we see it as a valuable niche market: one where customers place a premium on securing supplies from a reliable, high-quality source. Because of this, long-term allegiance to a proven supplier is very much a feature of this sector of the talc market. Switching sources—in the way that you might choose to buy, say, paperclips from Supplier A rather than Supplier B—is not an easy option for chewing-gum manufacturers,” Fournier says. “The cost of reformulating is high, so when customers are using a talc grade that works, even if it’s expensive, they are understandably reluctant to switch.”

C. But how is talc actually used in the manufacture of chewing gum? Patrick Delord, an engineer with a degree in agronomics, who has been with Luzenac for 22 years and is now senior market development manager, Agriculture and Food, in Europe, explains that chewing gum has four main components. “The most important of them is the gum base,” he says. “It’s the gum base that puts the chew into chewing gum. It binds all the ingredients together, creating a soft, smooth texture. To this the manufacturer then adds sweeteners, softeners and flavourings. Our talc is used as a filler in the gum base. The amount varies between, say, ten and 35 per cent, depending on the type of gum. Fruit-flavoured chewing gum, for example, is slightly acidic and would react with the calcium carbonate that the manufacturer might otherwise use as a filler. Talc, on the other hand, makes an ideal filler because it’s non-reactive chemically. In the factory, talc is also used to dust the gum-base pellets and to stop the chewing gum sticking during the lamination and packing process,” Delord adds.

D. The chewing-gum business is, however, just one example of talc’s use in the food sector. For the past 20 years or so, olive-oil processors in Spain have been taking advantage of talc’s unique characteristics to help them boost the amount of oil they extract from crushed olives. According to Patrick Delord, talc is especially useful for treating what he calls “difficult” olives. After the olives are harvested—preferably early in the morning because their taste is better if they are gathered in the cool of the day—they are taken to the processing plant. There they are crushed and then stirred for 30–45 minutes. In the old days, the resulting paste was passed through an olive press but nowadays it’s more common to add water and centrifuge the mixture to separate the water and oil from the solid matter. The oil and water are then allowed to settle so that the olive-oil layer can be decanted off and bottled. “Difficult” olives are those that are more reluctant than the norm to yield up their full oil content. This may be attributable to the particular species of olive, or to its water content and the time of year the olives are collected—at the beginning and the end of the season their water content is often either too high or too low. These olives are easy to recognize because they produce a lot of extra foam during the stirring process, a consequence of an excess of a fine solid that acts as a natural emulsifier. The oil in this emulsion is lost when the water is disposed of. Not only that, if the waste water is disposed of directly into local fields—often the case in many smaller processing operations—the emulsified oil may take some time to biodegrade and so be harmful to the environment.

E. “If you add between half and two per cent of talc by weight during the stirring process, it absorbs the natural emulsifier in the olives and so boosts the amount of oil you can extract,” says Delord. “In addition, talc’s flat, ‘platey’ structure helps increase the size of the oil droplets liberated during stirring, which again improves the yield. However, because talc is chemically inert, it doesn’t affect the colour, taste, appearance or composition of the resulting olive oil.”

F. If the use of talc in olive-oil processing and in chewing gum is long established, new applications in the food and agriculture industries are also constantly being sought by Luzenac. One such promising new market is fruit crop protection, being pioneered in the US. Just like people, fruit can get sunburned. In fact, in very sunny regions up to 45 per cent of a typical crop can be affected by heat stress and sunburn. However, in the case of fruit, it’s not so much the ultraviolet rays which harm the crop as the high surface temperature that the sun’s rays create.

G. To combat this, farmers normally use either chemicals or spray a continuous fine canopy of mist above the fruit trees or bushes. The trouble is, this uses a lot of water—normally a precious commodity in hot, sunny areas—and it is therefore expensive. What’s more, the ground can quickly become waterlogged. “So our idea was to coat the fruit with talc to protect it from the sun,” says Greg Hunter, a marketing specialist who has been with Luzenac for ten years. “But to do this, several technical challenges had first to be overcome. Talc is very hydrophobic: it doesn’t like water. So in order to have a viable product we needed a wettable powder—something that would go readily into suspension so that it could be sprayed onto the fruit. It also had to break the surface tension of the cutin (the natural waxy, waterproof layer on the fruit) and of course it had to wash off easily when the fruit was harvested. No one’s going to want an apple that’s covered in talc.”

H. Initial trials in the state of Washington in 2003 showed that when the product was sprayed onto Granny Smith apples, it reduced their surface temperature and lowered the incidence of sunburn by up to 60 per cent. Today the new product, known as Invelop Maximum SPF, is in its second commercial year on the US market. Apple growers are the primary target although Hunter believes grape growers represent another sector with long-term potential. He is also hopeful of extending sales to overseas markets such as Australia, South America and southern Europe.

Questions 1–6

Use the information in the passage to match each use of talc powder with the correct application from A, B or C. You may use any letter more than once.

A. Chewing gum manufacture B. Olive oil extraction C. Fruit crop protection
1

Talc is used to prevent foaming.

2

Talc is used to prevent stickiness.

3

Talc is used to boost production.

4

Talc is used as a filler to provide a base.

5

Talc is used to prevent sunburn.

6

Talc is used to help increase the size of the product.

Questions 7–12

Complete the summary below. Use NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the Reading Passage for each answer.

7

The use of talc powder in the olive oil industry in Spain has been around for (7) ____ years.

8

It is extremely useful in dealing with “difficult” olives which often produce a lot of (8) ____ due to the high content of solid matter.

9

The traditional method of oil extraction used in some smaller plants often produces (9) ____, which contains emulsified oil.

10

...and if it is directly disposed of, it may be (10) ____ to the environment,

11

...because it cannot (11) ____.

12

But adding talc powder can absorb the emulsifier and increase the production, because the size of oil (12) ____ grows.

Questions 13–14

Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.

13

What are the last two stages of chewing-gum manufacturing process?

14

Which group of farmers does Invelop intend to target next?

Từ vựng 148 từ

  • /tælk/
    bột tan (khoáng talc)
  • /haɪˌdreɪtɪd mæɡˌniːziəm ˈsɪlɪkeɪt/
    silicat magiê ngậm nước
  • /dɪˈpɒzɪt/
    mỏ khoáng
  • /triːˈmuːn/
    mỏ Trimouns (Pháp)
  • /ˌpɪrəˈniːz/
    dãy núi Pyrenees
  • /ˈluːzənæk/
    công ty Luzenac
  • /ˈriːəʊ ˈtɪntəʊ ˈmɪnərəlz/
    Rio Tinto Minerals
  • /niːʃ ˈmɑːkɪt/
    thị trường ngách
  • /ˈtʃuːɪŋ ɡʌm/
    kẹo cao su
  • /ɡʌm beɪs/
    nền gum
  • /ˈswiːtənə/
    chất tạo ngọt
  • /ˈsɒftənə/
    chất làm mềm
  • /ˈfleɪvərɪŋ/
    hương liệu
  • /ˈfɪlə/
    chất độn
  • /ˌnɒn riˈæktɪv/
    không phản ứng
  • /ˌlæmɪˈneɪʃn/
    cán/lớp mỏng (lamination)
  • /ˈpækɪŋ/
    đóng gói
  • /ˈpelɪt/
    viên/viên nhỏ
  • /ˈdʌstɪŋ/
    rắc phủ mịn
  • stickiness /ˈstɪkinəs/ mở rộng
    độ dính
  • /ˌɒlɪv ˈɔɪl/
    dầu ô liu
  • /ˈprəʊsesə/
    nhà chế biến
  • /ˈsentrɪfjuːdʒ/
    ly tâm
  • /dɪˈkænt/
    gạn/chiết
  • /ɪˈmʌlsɪfaɪə/
    chất nhũ hoá
  • /fəʊm/
    bọt
  • /ˈweɪst ˌwɔːtə/
    nước thải
  • /ˌbaɪəʊdɪˈɡreɪd/
    phân huỷ sinh học
  • /jiːld/
    sản lượng
  • /ˈdrɒplət/
    giọt nhỏ
  • /ˈpleɪti ˈstrʌktʃə/
    cấu trúc dạng phiến
  • /ˈkemɪkli ɪˈnɜːt/
    trơ về hoá học
  • /ˈkʌlə/ · /teɪst/ · /əˈpɪərəns/
    màu/vị/ngoại quan
  • /hiːt stres/
    stress nhiệt
  • /ˈsʌnbɜːn/
    cháy nắng
  • ultraviolet (UV) /ˌʌltrəˈvaɪələt/ mở rộng
    tia cực tím
  • /ˈsɜːfɪs ˈtemprətʃə/
    nhiệt độ bề mặt
  • mist canopy /mɪst ˈkænəpi/ mở rộng
    màn sương
  • /ˌhaɪdrəˈfəʊbɪk/
    kỵ nước
  • /ˈwetəbl ˈpaʊdə/
    bột thấm ướt
  • /səˈspenʃn/
    huyền phù
  • /ˌsɜːfɪs ˈtenʃn/
    sức căng bề mặt
  • /ˈkjuːtɪn/
    cutin (lớp sáp tự nhiên)
  • /wɒʃ ɒf/
    rửa trôi
  • /ˌɡræni ˈsmɪθ/
    giống táo Granny Smith
  • /ˈɪnsɪdəns/
    tỷ lệ mắc
  • /kəˈmɜːʃl jɪə/
    năm thương mại
  • /ˈæpl ˈɡrəʊəz/
    người trồng táo
  • /ɡreɪp ˈɡrəʊəz/
    người trồng nho
  • /spreɪ/
    phun
  • /ˈkəʊtɪŋ/
    lớp phủ
  • /ˌæɡrəˈnɒmɪks/
    nông học ứng dụng
  • /ˈprəʊsesɪŋ plɑːnt/
    nhà máy chế biến
  • /ˈstɜːrɪŋ/
    khuấy
  • press (olive press) /pres/ mở rộng
    máy ép
  • /ˈsetl/
    lắng
  • /dɪˈkæntɪd ɒf/
    gạn bỏ
  • /ˈspiːʃiːz/
    loài
  • /ˈwɔːtə ˈkɒntent/
    hàm lượng nước
  • /ˈhɑːvɪst/
    thu hoạch
  • biodegradation /ˌbaɪəʊˌdiːɡrəˈdeɪʃn/ mở rộng
    quá trình phân huỷ sinh học
  • environmentally harmful /ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmentəli ˈhɑːmfl/ mở rộng
    gây hại môi trường
  • /ɡreɪd/
    cấp chất lượng
  • /ˌriːˈfɔːmjʊleɪtɪŋ/
    tái công thức
  • reliable source /rɪˈlaɪəbl sɔːs/ mở rộng
    nguồn tin cậy
  • /əˈliːdʒəns/
    trung thành
  • /səˈplaɪə/
    nhà cung cấp
  • /tʌn/
    tấn
  • /kɑː ˈtaɪəz/
    lốp xe
  • /ˈplɑːstə/
    thạch cao
  • /kɒzˈmetɪks/
    mỹ phẩm
  • /ˈplæstɪks/
    nhựa
  • /ˈpeɪpə/
    giấy
  • /peɪnt/
    sơn
  • /ˈtælkəm ˌpaʊdə/
    phấn rôm
  • /end juːs/
    công dụng cuối
  • /ˌvɜːsəˈtɪləti/
    tính đa dụng
  • /ˈevrideɪ ˈprɒdʌkts/
    sản phẩm hàng ngày
  • /ˈpriːmiəm/
    ưu tiên/giá cao
  • /rɪˈlʌktənt/
    miễn cưỡng
  • loss /lɒs/ mở rộng
    thất thoát
  • dispose of /dɪˈspəʊz ɒv/ mở rộng
    thải bỏ
  • /fiːldz/
    cánh đồng
  • /ˈwɔːtəlɒɡd/
    úng nước
  • /kəˈmɒdəti/
    hàng hoá
  • /pəˈtenʃl/
    tiềm năng
  • /ˌəʊvəˈsiːz ˈmɑːkɪts/
    thị trường nước ngoài
  • /ɒˈstreɪliə/
    Úc
  • /ˌsaʊθ əˈmerɪkə/
    Nam Mỹ
  • /ˌsʌðən ˈjʊərəp/
    Nam Âu
  • process line /ˈprəʊses laɪn/ mở rộng
    dây chuyền
  • base reacts /beɪs riˈækts/ mở rộng
    phản ứng bazơ
  • /ˌkælsiəm ˈkɑːbneɪt/
    canxi cacbonat
  • /əˈsɪdɪk/
    có tính axit
  • /ˈtekstʃə/
    kết cấu
  • /baɪnd/
    liên kết
  • /smuːð/
    mịn
  • /ˈfæktri/
    nhà máy
  • stage /steɪdʒ/ mở rộng
    giai đoạn
  • prevent /prɪˈvent/ mở rộng
    ngăn ngừa
  • /ɪnˈkriːs/
    tăng
  • /ɪmˈpruːv/
    cải thiện
  • extraction /ɪkˈstrækʃn/ mở rộng
    chiết xuất
  • liberate /ˈlɪbəreɪt/ mở rộng
    giải phóng
  • attribute to /əˈtrɪbjuːt tuː/ mở rộng
    quy cho
  • /ˈrekəɡnaɪz/
    nhận biết
  • /ˈkɒnsɪkwəns/
    hệ quả
  • /faɪn ˈsɒlɪd/
    hạt rắn mịn
  • natural waxy layer /ˈnætʃrəl ˈwæksi ˈleɪə/ mở rộng
    lớp sáp tự nhiên
  • /ˈvaɪəbl/
    khả thi
  • break (surface tension) /breɪk/ mở rộng
    phá vỡ (sức căng bề mặt)
  • rinse /rɪns/ mở rộng
    rửa
  • /pə ˈsent/
    phần trăm
  • /tʌnz/
    tấn (số nhiều)
  • /ˈmɑːkɪt dɪˈveləpmənt/
    phát triển thị trường
  • Specialties unit /ˈspeʃəltiːz ˈjuːnɪt/ mở rộng
    đơn vị sản phẩm đặc biệt
  • /ˈrelətɪvli smɔːl/
    tương đối nhỏ
  • /ˈvæljuəbl/
    giá trị
  • /ˈpriːmiəm ɒn/
    đề cao
  • /ˌlɒŋ ˈtɜːm/
    dài hạn
  • /ˈpruːvən/
    đã chứng minh
  • /rɪˈlʌktənt tə swɪtʃ/
    ngại thay đổi
  • /kɒst əv ˌriːˈfɔːmjʊleɪtɪŋ/
    chi phí tái công thức
  • treating olives /ˈtriːtɪŋ ˈɒlɪvz/ mở rộng
    xử lý ô liu
  • reluctant to yield /rɪˈlʌktənt tə jiːld/ mở rộng
    khó nhả dầu
  • beginning / end of the season /bɪˈɡɪnɪŋ/ · /end/ əv ðə /ˈsiːzn/ mở rộng
    đầu/cuối vụ
  • too high / too low /tuː haɪ/ · /tuː ləʊ/ mở rộng
    quá cao / quá thấp
  • /dɪˈspəʊzd əv dɪˈrektli/
    thải trực tiếp
  • /ˈhɑːmfl tə ði ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt/
    hại môi trường
  • /ˈkemɪkəlz/
    hoá chất
  • /ˈpreʃəs kəˈmɒdəti/
    tài nguyên quý
  • /ˈteknɪkl ˈtʃælɪndʒ/
    thách thức kỹ thuật
  • go into suspension /ɡəʊ ˈɪntuː səˈspenʃn/ mở rộng
    tạo huyền phù
  • /spreɪd ˈɒntuː/
    phun lên
  • /wɒʃ ɒf ˈiːzɪli/
    dễ rửa sạch
  • /ˈtraɪəl/
    thử nghiệm
  • reduced surface temperature /rɪˈdjuːst ˈsɜːfɪs ˈtemprətʃə/ mở rộng
    giảm nhiệt độ bề mặt
  • lowered incidence /ˈləʊəd ˈɪnsɪdəns/ mở rộng
    giảm tỷ lệ
  • /ˈsektə/
    lĩnh vực
  • extend sales /ɪkˈstend seɪlz/ mở rộng
    mở rộng doanh số
  • /ˈpraɪməri ˈtɑːɡɪt/
    mục tiêu chính
  • next target /nekst ˈtɑːɡɪt/ mở rộng
    mục tiêu tiếp theo
  • /ˌes piː ˈef/
    chỉ số chống nắng
  • /ˈmæksɪməm ˌes piː ˈef/
    SPF tối đa
  • /ɪnˈveləp/
    tên sản phẩm Invelop
  • baby powder /ˈbeɪbi ˌpaʊdə/ mở rộng
    phấn trẻ em
  • /ˈevri jɪə/
    mỗi năm
  • /ˈsektə əv ðə ˈmɑːkɪt/
    phân khúc thị trường

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