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Malaria Combat in Italy – IELTS Reading

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Đề đọc IELTS Reading “Malaria Combat in Italy” – Cuộc chiến chống bệnh sốt rét ở Ý. Gồm 14 câu (điền từ, Yes/No/Not Given, đoạn chứa thông tin), 150 từ vựng…

IELTS Academic Reading 14 câu hỏi

Cách làm bài

Điền từ (completion)

  • Tuân thủ giới hạn số từ của đề (ví dụ “NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS”). Vượt quá là sai.
  • Chép chính xác từ trong bài, đúng chính tả và đúng dạng (số ít/nhiều, thì).
  • Dự đoán LOẠI TỪ cần điền (danh từ, động từ, số…) dựa vào ngữ pháp của chỗ trống trước khi tìm.

Yes / No / Not Given (theo ý kiến tác giả)

  • YES = câu khẳng định TRÙNG với quan điểm/ý kiến của tác giả; NO = MÂU THUẪN với quan điểm tác giả; NOT GIVEN = bài không nhắc tới, không suy luận thêm.
  • Các câu bám sát thứ tự thông tin trong bài — tìm được câu trước sẽ khoanh vùng cho câu sau.
  • Gạch chân từ khóa khó thay thế (tên riêng, con số, năm) để định vị đúng đoạn, rồi mới so ý.
  • Đừng chọn NO chỉ vì không tìm thấy — “không tìm thấy” thường là NOT GIVEN. Chỉ chọn NO khi bài nói ngược lại.

Đoạn nào chứa thông tin (which paragraph)

  • Đây là câu tìm thông tin cụ thể — KHÔNG theo thứ tự đoạn, nên phải quét toàn bài.
  • Một đoạn có thể là đáp án cho nhiều câu; hãy dựa vào nội dung, đừng loại đoạn quá sớm.
  • Định vị bằng từ khóa/từ đồng nghĩa của câu hỏi thay vì đọc kỹ tuần tự từng chữ.

Chung

  • Không đọc kỹ toàn bài trước — đọc lướt lấy ý, rồi dùng câu hỏi dẫn đường (scan/skim).
  • Quản lý thời gian: mỗi bài đọc ~20 phút. Câu khó thì đánh dấu, làm tiếp rồi quay lại.

Malaria Combat in Italy

A. Mal-aria. Bad air. Even the world is Italian, and this horrible disease marked the life of those in the peninsula for thousands of years. Giuseppe Garibaldi's wife died of the disease, as did the country's first prime minister, Cavour, in 1861. Yet by 1962, Italy was officially declared malaria-free, and it has remained so ever since. Frank Snowden's study of this success story is a remarkable piece of historical work. Original, crystal-clear, analytical and passionate, Snowden (who has previously written about cholera) takes us to areas historians have rarely visited before.

B. Everybody now knows that malaria is carried by mosquitoes. Malaria has always been the subject of research for medical practitioners from time immemorial. However, many ancient texts, especially medical literature, mention various aspects of malaria and even its possible link with mosquitoes and insects. Early man, confronting the manifestations of malaria, attributed the fevers to supernatural influences: evil spirits, angered deities, or the black magic of sorcerers. But in the 19th century, most experts believed that the disease was not produced by unclean air ("miasma" or "poisoning of the air"). Two Americans, Josiah Clark Nott and Lewis Daniel Beauperthy, echoed Crawford's ideas. Nott in his essay "Yellow Fever Contrasted with Bilious Fever," published in 1850, dismissed the miasma theory as worthless, arguing that microscopic insects somehow transmitted by mosquitoes caused both malaria and yellow fever. Others made a link between swamps, water and malaria, but did not make the further leap towards insects. The consequences of these theories were that little was done to combat the disease before the end of the century. Things became so bad that 11m Italians (from a total population of 25m) were "permanently at risk". In malarial zones, the life expectancy of land workers was a terrifying 22.5 years. Those who escaped death were weakened or suffered from splenomegaly – a "painful enlargement of the spleen" and "a lifeless stare". The economic impact of the disease was immense. Epidemics were blamed on southern Italians, given the widespread belief that malaria was hereditary. In the 1880s, such theories began to collapse as the dreaded mosquito was identified as the real culprit.

C. Italian scientists, drawing on the pioneering work of French doctor Alphonse Laveran, were able to predict the cycles of fever but it was in Rome that further key discoveries were made. Giovanni Battista Grassi, a naturalist, found that a particular type of mosquito was the carrier of malaria. By experimenting on healthy volunteers (mosquitoes were released into rooms where they drank the blood of the human guinea pigs), Grassi was able to make the direct link between the insects (all females of a certain kind) and the disease. Soon, doctors and scientists made another startling discovery: the mosquitoes themselves were also infected and not mere carriers. Every year, during the mosquito season, malarial blood was moved around the population by the insects. Definitive proof of these new theories was obtained after an extraordinary series of experiments in Italy, where healthy people were introduced into malarial zones but kept free of mosquito bites – and remained well. The new Italian state had the necessary information to tackle the disease.

D. A complicated approach was adopted, which made use of quinine – a drug obtained from tree bark which had long been used to combat fever but was now seen as a crucial part of the war on malaria. Italy introduced a quinine law and a quinine tax in 1904, and the drug was administered to large numbers of rural workers. Despite its often terrible side-effects (the headaches produced were known as the "quinine-buzz"), the drug was successful in limiting the spread of the disease, and in breaking cycles of infection. In addition, Italy set up rural health centres and invested heavily in education programmes. Malaria, as Snowden shows, was not just a medical problem, but a social and regional issue, and could only be defeated through multi-layered strategies. Politics was itself transformed by the anti-malarial campaigns.

E. It was originally decided to give quinine to all those in certain regions – even healthy people; peasants were often suspicious of the medicine being forced upon them. Doctors were sometimes met with hostility and refusal, and many were dubbed "poisoners". Despite these problems, the strategy was hugely successful. Deaths from malaria fell by some 80% in the first decade of the 20th century and some areas escaped altogether from the scourge of the disease.

F. Shamefully, the Italian malaria expert Alberto Missiroli had a role to play in the disaster: he did not distribute quinine, despite being well aware of the epidemic to come. Snowden claims that Missiroli was already preparing a new strategy – with the support of the US Rockefeller Foundation – using a new pesticide, DDT. Missiroli allowed the epidemic to spread, in order to create the ideal conditions for a massive, and lucrative, human experiment. Fifty-five thousand cases of malaria were recorded in the province of Littoria alone in 1944. It is estimated that more than a third of those in the affected area contracted the disease. Thousands, nobody knows how many, died.

G. With the war over, the US government and the Rockefeller Foundation were free to experiment. DDT was sprayed from the air and 3m Italians had their bodies covered with the chemical. The effects were dramatic, and nobody really cared about the toxic effects of the chemical. By 1962, malaria was more or less gone from the whole peninsula. The last cases were noted in a poor region of Sicily. One of the final victims to die of the disease in Italy was the popular cyclist, Fausto Coppi. He had contracted malaria in Africa in 1960, and the failure of doctors in the north of Italy to spot the disease was a sign of the times. A few decades earlier, they would have immediately noticed the tell-tale signs; it was later claimed that a small dose of quinine would have saved his life.

H. As there are still more than 1m deaths every year from malaria worldwide, Snowden's book also has contemporary relevance. This is a disease that affects every level of the societies where it is rampant. As Snowden writes: "In Italy, malaria undermined agricultural productivity, decimated the army, destroyed communities and left families impoverished." The economic miracle of the 50s and 60s which made Italy into a modern industrial nation would not have been possible without the eradication of malaria. Moreover, this book convincingly argues that the disease was "an integral part of the big picture of modern Italian history". This magnificent study, beautifully written and impeccably documented, deserves an audience beyond specialists in history, or in Italy. It also provides us with "a message of hope for a world struggling with the great present-day medical emergency".

Questions 1–4

Complete the following summary of the paragraphs. Use NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 1–4. Summary: Although the link between malaria and mosquito was established lately, it has been recorded in words that (1) ____, including mosquito, may play the major culprits. In the 19th century, most experts rejected the idea of the miasma theory which related malaria to (2) ____. Even another widespread theory arose that southern Italians were blamed, to whom malaria was (3) ____. In malarial areas the (4) ____ of rural workers was surprisingly shorter. In the 1880s, such theories began to withdraw as the mosquito was identified as the true cause.

1

It has been recorded in words that (1) ____, including mosquito, may play the major culprits.

2

Most experts rejected the idea of the miasma theory which related malaria to (2) ____.

3

Another widespread theory arose that southern Italians were blamed, to whom malaria was (3) ____.

4

In malarial areas the (4) ____ of rural workers was surprisingly shorter.

Questions 5–8

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer? Write YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer, NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer, NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this.

5

The volunteers who took part in Grassi's mosquito experiments came from outside the malarial zones.

6

Healthy people who were kept free of mosquito bites in malarial zones remained well.

7

Quinine was a completely new drug when it was first used in the war on malaria.

8

The eradication of malaria had both medical and political significance.

Questions 9–14

Reading Passage has eight paragraphs A–H. Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter A–H in boxes 9–14 on your answer sheet.

9

The breakthrough that identified a particular mosquito as the carrier of malaria.

10

A scientist who allowed an epidemic to spread in order to set up an experiment.

11

A reference to the contemporary relevance of the story of malaria in Italy.

12

The final victim to die of the disease in Italy.

13

A mention of the negative side-effects of a drug.

14

A list of speculative hypotheses about the causes of the disease.

Từ vựng 150 từ

  • /məˈlɛr.i.ə/
    Sốt rét
  • /pəˈnɪn.sjʊ.lə/
    Bán đảo
  • /ˈkwɪn.iːn/
    Thuốc quinine
  • /məˈskiː.toʊ/
    Muỗi
  • /maɪˈæz.mə/
    Khí độc, miasma
  • /ˌep.ɪˈdem.ɪk/
    Dịch bệnh
  • /ˈɪn.sekt/
    Côn trùng
  • Voluntary /ˈvɒl.ən.tər.i/ mở rộng
    Tình nguyện
  • /ɪkˈsper.ɪ.mənt/
    Thí nghiệm
  • /ˈpɛs.tɪ.saɪd/
    Thuốc trừ sâu
  • /diː-diː-tiː/
    DDT
  • Eradicate /ɪˈræd.ɪ.keɪt/ mở rộng
    Diệt trừ
  • /hɪˈstɒr.ɪ.kəl/
    Lịch sử
  • /ˌæn.əˈlɪt.ɪ.kəl/
    Phân tích
  • /ˈpæʃ.ə.nət/
    Đam mê
  • /rɪˈsɜːtʃ/
    Nghiên cứu
  • /prækˈtɪʃ.ən.ər/
    Người hành nghề
  • /ˌsuː.pəˈræn.tʃər.əl/
    Siêu nhiên
  • /ˈdiː.ə.ti/
    Thần linh
  • /ˈsɔːr.sər.ər/
    Phù thủy
  • /dɪsˈmɪs/
    Bác bỏ
  • /ʌnˈkliːn/
    Bẩn thỉu
  • /ˈpɔɪ.zən.ɪŋ/
    Nhiễm độc
  • /ˌmaɪ.krəˈskɒp.ɪk/
    Vi mô
  • /ˈjɛl.oʊ ˈfiː.vər/
    Sốt vàng
  • /swɒmp/
    Đầm lầy
  • Waterborne /ˈwɔː.tər.bɔːrn/ mở rộng
    Truyền qua nước
  • /ˈkɒn.sɪ.kwəns/
    Hệ quả
  • /ˌiː.kəˈnɒm.ɪk/
    Kinh tế
  • /ˈɪm.pækt/
    Ảnh hưởng
  • /ˌher.ɪˈdɪt.ər.i/
    Di truyền
  • /ɪkˈspɛk.tən.si/
    Tuổi thọ
  • /ˌsplen.əʊˈmeg.ə.li/
    Phì đại lách
  • /ˈlaɪf.ləs/
    Vô hồn
  • /dɪˈklɛəd/
    Tuyên bố
  • /səkˈsɛs/
    Thành công
  • /ˌpaɪəˈnɪər.ɪŋ/
    Tiên phong
  • Prediction /prɪˈdɪk.ʃən/ mở rộng
    Dự đoán
  • /ˈsaɪ.kl/
    Chu kỳ
  • /ˈfiː.vər/
    Sốt
  • /kiː/
    Chủ chốt
  • /dɪˈskʌv.ər.i/
    Phát hiện
  • /ˈkær.i.ər/
    Vectơ truyền bệnh
  • /ˈnætʃ.ər.ə.lɪst/
    Nhà tự nhiên học
  • /ˌvɒl.ənˈtɪər/
    Tình nguyện viên
  • Experimentation /ɪkˌsper.ɪˈmen.teɪ.ʃən/ mở rộng
    Thử nghiệm
  • /dəˈrɛkt/
    Trực tiếp
  • /lɪŋk/
    Liên kết
  • /ɪnˈfɛktɪd/
    Nhiễm trùng
  • Transmission /trænsˈmɪʃ.ən/ mở rộng
    Truyền nhiễm
  • /pruːf/
    Bằng chứng
  • Introduce /ˌɪn.trəˈdjuːs/ mở rộng
    Giới thiệu
  • /kənˈdɪʃ.ən/
    Điều kiện
  • /ˈtæk.əl/
    Giải quyết
  • /əˈproʊtʃ/
    Phương pháp
  • /ˈkɒm.plɪ.keɪ.tɪd/
    Phức tạp
  • /drʌɡ/
    Thuốc
  • /triː bɑːrk/
    Vỏ cây
  • /ˈsaɪd.ɪf.ɛkt/
    Tác dụng phụ
  • /ˈhɛd.eɪk/
    Đau đầu
  • /səkˈsɛs.fəl/
    Thành công
  • /ˈlɪm.ɪt/
    Hạn chế
  • /sprɛd/
    Lây lan
  • /ɪnˈfɛk.ʃən/
    Nhiễm trùng
  • /ˈrʊər.əl/
    Nông thôn
  • /ˈwɜː.kər/
    Công nhân
  • /ˈsɛntər/
    Trung tâm
  • /ɪnˈvɛst/
    Đầu tư
  • /ˌɛd.jʊˈkeɪ.ʃən/
    Giáo dục
  • /ˈproʊ.ɡræm/
    Chương trình
  • /ˈsoʊ.ʃəl/
    Xã hội
  • /ˈriː.dʒən.əl/
    Khu vực
  • /trænsˈfɔːrm/
    Biến đổi
  • /kæmˈpeɪn/
    Chiến dịch
  • /ˈstræt.ə.dʒi/
    Chiến lược
  • /hɒsˈtɪl.ɪ.ti/
    Thù địch
  • /rɪˈfjuz.əl/
    Sự từ chối
  • /ˈpɔɪ.zə.nər/
    Kẻ đầu độc
  • Reduce /rɪˈdjuːs/ mở rộng
    Giảm bớt
  • Fall /fɔːl/ mở rộng
    Giảm
  • /rɪˈkɔːrd/
    Ghi nhận
  • /ˈprɒv.ɪns/
    Tỉnh
  • /lɪˈtɔːr.i.ə/
    (Tên địa danh)
  • /keɪs/
    Trường hợp
  • Estimate /ˈɛs.tɪ.meɪt/ mở rộng
    Ước tính
  • /əˈfɛkt/
    Ảnh hưởng
  • /friː/
    Tự do
  • /spreɪ/
    Phun
  • /ˈkɛm.ɪ.kəl/
    Hóa chất
  • /ˈkʌv.ər/
    Phủ
  • /drəˈmæt.ɪk/
    Kịch tính
  • /ˈtɒk.sɪk/
    Độc hại
  • /rɪˈmeɪn/
    Vẫn còn
  • Note /noʊt/ mở rộng
    Ghi chú
  • /pʊər/
    Nghèo nàn
  • /ˈriː.dʒən/
    Vùng
  • /ˈfaɪ.nəl/
    Cuối cùng
  • /ˈvɪk.tɪm/
    Nạn nhân
  • /ˈpɒp.jʊ.lər/
    Phổ biến
  • /ˈsaɪ.klɪst/
    Vận động viên đua xe đạp
  • /kənˈtrækt/
    Nhiễm (bệnh)
  • /spɒt/
    Nhận ra
  • /ˈtɛlˌteɪl/
    Cho thấy
  • /doʊs/
    Liều
  • Save /seɪv/ mở rộng
    Cứu
  • /dɛθ/
    Cái chết
  • /ˈwɜːld.waɪd/
    Toàn cầu
  • /kənˈtɛm.pər.ər.i/
    Đương đại
  • /ˌprɒd.əkˈtɪv.ɪ.ti/
    Năng suất
  • Decimate /ˈdes.ɪ.meɪt/ mở rộng
    Tàn phá
  • /dɪˈstrɔɪ/
    Phá hủy
  • /ɪmˈpɒv.ər.ɪʃ/
    Làm nghèo
  • /ˈmɪr.ə.kəl/
    Phép màu
  • /ˈmɒd.ən/
    Hiện đại
  • /ɪnˈdʌs.tri.əl/
    Công nghiệp
  • /ˈneɪ.ʃən/
    Quốc gia
  • /ˈɪn.tɪɡ.rəl/
    Cần thiết
  • /ˈpɪk.tʃər/
    Bức tranh
  • /ˈhɪs.tər.i/
    Lịch sử
  • /ˈspɛʃ.əl.ɪst/
    Chuyên gia
  • /ˈɔː.di.əns/
    Khán giả
  • /bʊk/
    Cuốn sách
  • /ˈmes.ɪdʒ/
    Thông điệp
  • /hoʊp/
    Hy vọng
  • Struggle /ˈstrʌɡ.əl/ mở rộng
    Cuộc đấu tranh
  • /ˈprez.ənt.deɪ/
    Ngày nay
  • /ˈmɛd.ɪ.kəl/
    Y tế
  • /ɪˈmɜː.dʒən.si/
    Cấp cứu
  • /ɪˈtæl.jən/
    Người Ý
  • /ˌɡær.ɪˈbæl.di/
    Garibaldi
  • /kəˈvʊər/
    Cavour
  • /əˈfɪʃ.əl.i/
    Chính thức
  • /ˈθaʊ.zənd/
    Nghìn
  • /mɑːrkt/
    Đánh dấu
  • /laɪf/
    Cuộc sống
  • Hundred /ˈhʌn.drəd/ mở rộng
    Trăm
  • /dɪˈziːz/
    Bệnh tật
  • Intact /ɪnˈtækt/ mở rộng
    Vẹn toàn
  • Intervention /ˌɪn.təˈvɛn.ʃən/ mở rộng
    Can thiệp
  • Triumph /ˈtraɪ.ʌmf/ mở rộng
    Chiến thắng
  • Legacy /ˈlɛɡ.ə.si/ mở rộng
    Di sản
  • /rɪˈmɑː.kə.bəl/
    Tuyệt vời
  • /ˈkrɪs.təl klɪər/
    Rõ ràng
  • /ˈvɪz.ɪt/
    Thăm viếng
  • /ˈrɛr.li/
    Hiếm khi
  • Revealed /rɪˈviːld/ mở rộng
    Tiết lộ
  • Recording /rɪˈkɔː.dɪŋ/ mở rộng
    Ghi chép
  • /ˈeɪn.ʃənt/
    Cổ xưa
  • /ˈlɪt.rə.tʃər/
    Văn học
  • /tɛkst/
    Văn bản

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Malaria Combat in Italy – IELTS Reading

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