A1
Davina, ______ kids you met last weekend, works for Cooper's in the high street.
Unit 17: Clauses
📘 Giải thích tiếng Việt
Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định vs không xác định
Mệnh đề defining nêu thông tin thiết yếu, không dùng dấu phẩy (The village where Alan grew up...). Mệnh đề non-defining chỉ bổ sung, phải có dấu phẩy và không dùng that (Our cat Tibby, which loves being stroked, is 16 today). which ở đầu mệnh đề không xác định có thể chỉ cả câu đứng trước (...a pop star, which seems unrealistic).
Đại từ quan hệ và giới từ đi kèm
Dùng who/whom cho người, which cho vật, whose chỉ sở hữu, where/when/why cho nơi chốn/thời gian/lý do. Ở văn phong trang trọng, giới từ đứng trước đại từ: the official to whom you..., some of whom, the region in which.... Trong hội thoại, giới từ thường lùi về cuối (the woman who I spoke to).
Mệnh đề what (cleft)
What = "the thing that", mở đầu chủ ngữ nhấn mạnh: What spoils the film is the ending. Đây là cấu trúc chẻ câu điển hình ở trình độ cao.
Mệnh đề phân từ rút gọn (participle clauses)
Rút gọn mệnh đề để câu súc tích. V-ing mang nghĩa chủ động (Getting onto the property ladder...); V-ed / being + V-ed mang nghĩa bị động (The zookeeper injured in the incident...). Having + V-ed diễn tả hành động xảy ra trước (Having eaten three burgers, you feel sick); dạng bị động là Having been + V-ed (Having been shown how to use it...). Chú ý chủ ngữ hai vế phải trùng nhau.
Mệnh đề nhượng bộ
Although / even though / though + mệnh đề; despite / in spite of + danh từ hoặc V-ing. Cấu trúc đảo nâng cao: Adj + as/though + S + V (Late though we were, ...), Try as they might, Much as I begged đều mang sắc thái nhượng bộ trang trọng.
Tổng điểm: 0/142
Theory / Reference (Unit 17 pages 138-139)
Relative pronouns in relative clauses
| Pronoun | Use | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| who | to refer to people (and animals when we want to give them a personality) | There are a lot of people who hate having injections. |
| which | to refer to things and concepts (and animals when we don't want to give them a personality) | This is the prescription which the doctor gave me. |
| whom | a formal word for who, as an object; must be used directly after a preposition | That's the consultant with whom I spoke. |
| that | a more informal word for who, which, when, where, why; only used in defining relative clauses | This is the prescription that the doctor gave me. |
| when | to refer to time; = in/on/etc which | I'll never forget the day when I broke my finger. |
| where | to refer to place or situation; = in/at/etc which | Harley Street, where she was born, is famous for its clinics. |
| why | often after the word reason; = the reason for which; only used in defining relative clauses | And that's (the reason) why I wanted to become a vet. |
| whose | the possessive of who and which; can also come after a preposition | There are several kids in my class whose parents are doctors. |
| what | = the thing(s) which; only used in defining relative clauses | What I don't understand is why she didn't take her pills. |
Watch out
- When we use a preposition with a relative pronoun, it is more formal to put the preposition before the pronoun.
- This is the medical encyclopaedia to which I referred. (very formal)
- This is the medical encyclopaedia which I referred to. (less formal)
- Which can refer to the whole preceding clause, rather than just the preceding noun.
- She announced that she wanted to be a pathologist, which really shocked us.
Defining and non-defining relative clauses
| Defining relative clauses | Non-defining relative clauses |
|---|---|
| These tell us which one of a group of things/people we are talking about. The sentence doesn't usually make complete sense if we remove the relative clause. | These simply give us more information about someone/something. The sentence makes complete sense if we remove the relative clause. |
| That's the doctor who did Karen's operation. | Dr Lake, who has been working here for over ten years, is a very experienced surgeon. |
| We can use that instead of who/which/etc. | We cannot use that instead of who/which/etc. |
| We don't use a comma or commas. | We must use a comma or commas. |
| We can omit the relative pronoun if it is the object. | We cannot omit the relative pronoun. |
| That's the doctor she saw. (more formal: That's the doctor she saw. uses omitted object) | Dr Lake, who is my uncle, is 50 years old. |
| When, where and why can be omitted. | We do not use why. |
| I'll never forget the day I broke my arm. I'll never forget the day I broke my arm. | We cannot omit when and where. Harley Street, where she was born, is famous for its clinics. |
| We cannot put a number or a determiner such as some, none, much and many before of which or of whom. | We can put a number or a determiner such as some, none, much and many before of which or of whom. I bought some drugs, some of which were expensive. |
Participle clauses
| Use | Examples |
|---|---|
| To replace a relative clause | She was the nurse looking after the patients at the time. (who was looking) The boy taken to hospital was 13 years old. (who was taken) |
| With prepositions and conjunctions | After giving blood, I went home. After having given blood, I went home. |
| To explain the reason for something | Being frightened of needles, Tony was not looking forward to the injection. Having had several operations before, Ali wasn't particularly nervous this time. |
| To talk about actions happening at the same time | Sitting in the waiting room, I could hear the sound of the dentist drilling. |
| To talk about actions happening in sequence | Having found an optician close to the office, I made an appointment for that evening. |
| As an alternative passive form | Given an aspirin, I began to feel better. (when/because I was given an aspirin) |
| As an alternative conditional form | Given the chance, I'd definitely study pharmacology. (if I were given the chance) |
Watch out
- When the participle clause doesn't have its own subject, the clause and the rest of the sentence must both refer to the same subject.
- Standing in the hot, crowded room, I began to feel dizzy. (= I was standing)
- Standing in the hot, crowded room, my head began to feel heavy. (= my head wasn't standing)
Infinitive clauses
| Use | Examples |
|---|---|
| To start a sentence | To be a successful surgeon is the dream of many young children. (= It is the dream of many young children to be a successful surgeon) |
| After the verb to be | My job was to give the patients their lunch. |
Concession clauses
| Structure | Examples |
|---|---|
| although / though / even though | Even though she'd put on sun cream, Tamsin got burnt. Tamsin got burnt, though she had put on sun cream. Tamsin put on sun cream. She still got burnt, though. |
| in spite of / despite + noun or -ing | Despite putting on sun cream, Tamsin got burnt. In spite of the fact that she put on sun cream, Tamsin got burnt. |
| while / whereas | While antibiotics are effective against bacteria, they do not work against viruses. Bacterial infections can be cured with antibiotics, whereas viruses cannot. |
| however | Penicillin is a powerful antibiotic. However, some people are allergic to it. Penicillin is a powerful antibiotic. Some people are allergic to it, however. |
| other phrases and structures | Try as he might, he couldn't put up with the pain. However hard he (might have) tried, he couldn't put up with the pain. Hard though/as he tried, he couldn't put up with the pain. Much as he tried, he couldn't put up with the pain. |
Watch out
- With in spite of / despite + -ing, both parts of the sentence must refer to the same subject.
- Even if is used to emphasise that it doesn't matter if something happens or is true, another situation remains the same.
- Even if they found a cure for cancer tomorrow, it would take several years before it was available.
- Even if is used to suggest that something may or may not happen, whereas even though suggests that the action actually takes place.
- Even if she tried to give her an injection, she couldn't. (= She probably hasn't tried yet.)
- Even though she tried to give her an injection, she couldn't. (= She tried and was unsuccessful.)
A. Write a relative pronoun in each gap. Do not use the word that.
Answer all items in this section.
A2
I'll never understand the reason ______ you decided to join the army.
A3
The village ______ Alan grew up in is only a few miles from here.
A4
Have you spoken to that guy ______ daughter might be able to help you with the contract?
A5
Back in the 1970s, ______ I was a teenager, no one ______ I knew had a computer.
A6
They've just announced that Beddington youth club, ______ we all used to hang out after school, is going to be turned into a casino.
A7
Chicago's a city ______ I've always wanted to visit.
A8
Do you remember the time ______ we got totally lost?
A9
The cows ______ are in that field over there are Friesians.
A10
Our cat Tibby, ______ loves being stroked all the time, is 16 years old today!
A11
Bob wants to become a pop star, ______ seems like a totally unrealistic ambition to me.
A12
The official to ______ you need to address your enquiry is temporarily unavailable.
A13
______ spoils the film for me is the ending, ______ is just ridiculous.
A14
Inferred from scan context.Julian was the perfect ______ we all liked the best.
B. Tick the relative pronouns in exercise A which can be replaced by that.
Answer all items in this section.
B1
A1
B2
A2
B3
A3
B4
A4
B5
A5
B6
A6
B7
A7
B8
A8
B9
A9
B10
A10
B11
A11
B12
A12
B13
A13
B14
A14
C. Select the relative pronouns in exercise A which can be omitted.
Answer all items in this section.
C1
A1
C2
A2
C3
A3
C4
A4
C5
A5
C6
A6
C7
A7
C8
A8
C9
A9
C10
A10
C11
A11
C12
A12
C13
A13
C14
A14
D. If a word or phrase in bold is correct, put a tick. If it is incorrect, rewrite it correctly on the line.
Answer all items in this section.
D1
Would any boys who's surnames begin with M please raise your hands?
D2
The day which I first met your mother was the best day of my life.
D3
Alfredo thought for a second, and then began to write: 'To Whom It May Concern ...'.
D4
The woman who I spoke to was extremely helpful.
D5
The film which I really want to see is the new one with Johnny Depp.
D6
Inferred from scan context.No, the hospital where you were born there was closed down quite a while ago.
D7
Could you just give me one reason why you would say something like that?
D8
The table where we sat had a lovely view of the Acropolis.
D9
What bothers me is why the police took so long to charge them.
D10
The guy whose car you just hit it is a traffic warden!
E. Add commas to the sentences where necessary.
Answer all items in this section.
E1
We were staying at the hotel that you recommended to us.
E2
The film which was directed by Mel Gibson is actually in Hebrew.
E3
The person who I look up to more than anyone else is my Uncle Geoffrey.
E4
I bumped into Katherine the other day which was a strange coincidence.
E5
Is that the book which you were telling me about the other day?
E6
The best man at my wedding who used to live in Germany has just moved to China.
E7
Have you got a suggestion which doesn't involve spending a lot of money?
E8
Warwick University where I spent three wonderful years is one of the top ten universities in the country.
F. Write one word in each gap.
Answer all items in this section.
F1
Do you really think the month ______ which you're born affects your character?
F2
They declared war on Austria, the reason ______ which completely escapes me now.
F3
There are five slices of pizza left, two ______ which we'd better save for Justin.
F4
Is the day ______ which you arrive a Friday?
F5
Josephine came to the rescue, ______ which I'm eternally grateful.
F6
There were 20 people at the meeting, some ______ whom I'd never met before.
F7
The law needs to be strengthened, ______ which I mean the police need to be given new powers.
F8
______ whom did you speak?
F9
I looked at several possible presents, none ______ which were appropriate.
F10
She studied in Berlin from 1916 to 1923, ______ which time many people still believed that women had no role in scientific research.
F11
The region ______ which most of the wine is produced is to the south.
F12
Jackson directed over 30 westerns, many ______ which are now available on DVD.
G. Rewrite as one sentence using a relative clause.
Answer all items in this section.
G1
That tree is an oak. My grandfather planted it 60 years ago.
G2
Tina and Charlie are having a party this Saturday. They're identical twins.
G3
On the Friday, we spent most of the day sitting in the port. On the Friday, the ferry was delayed.
G4
Barbara used to work in the Personnel Department. You met her at Libby's last Thursday.
G5
Let's go to da Vinci's. They do a great pepper steak there.
G6
This book was once owned by Sir Francis Drake. It was given to me by my great aunt.
G7
Why did Danny decide to enter the marathon? Danny's totally unfit.
G8
Guy is now engaged to my sister. His sister is married to my brother.
H. Select the correct word or phrase. If both are correct, select both.
Answer all items in this section.
H1
After eating / having eaten three hamburgers, it's no wonder you feel sick!
H2
Having been told / Telling exactly what to do, I was pretty confident I wouldn't embarrass myself.
H3
Given / Giving the opportunity, would you like to spend a year abroad?
H4
Philip was the only person keeping / who was keeping the committee on track.
H5
Having seen / Seen an advert in the paper, we decided to write off for more information.
H6
The zookeeper injured / having injured in the incident is now in a stable condition.
H7
Not being / Not to be a US citizen, Eleni knew it would be difficult to get a visa.
H8
After made / having made a statement, I was allowed to leave.
H9
Show / Having been shown how to use the software, Adrian quickly started designing his logo.
H10
Listening / Having listened from the top of the stairs, Jill and I could hear raised voices.
H11
To get / Getting onto the property ladder is the aim of most young couples.
H12
I was told that I was to make / making sure that the press would be there.
I. Write the verb in brackets in the correct form. Write only one or two words in each gap.
Answer all items in this section.
I1
I'd love to get some work experience in an office, ______ (give) the chance.
I2
After ______ (get) so bad a school report, you can't blame your parents for being angry.
I3
The three men ______ (arrest) have not yet been named.
I4
We were only given a room with a balcony after ______ (complain) to the manager.
I5
______ (see) Arctic Monkeys play live before, Josh was desperate to get tickets to their next gig.
I6
______ (swim) along the seabed, the divers were shocked to find a sunken car.
I7
______ (apply) for the job, I forgot all about it until the letter came.
I8
Is Bentley's the only department store ______ (start) its sale on Boxing Day?
I9
It's Sophie's role ______ (wait) at the entrance on Tuesday evening to welcome the guests.
I10
______ (shoot) in the arm, the man ran bleeding into the undergrowth.
I11
______ (make) mistakes is only human!
J. Choose the correct answer.
Answer all items in this section.
J1
(1) ______ most scientists dismiss tales of out-of-body experiences ..., there are some cases which seem to defy rational explanation.
J2
There were serious complications, (2) ______, and her heart stopped beating.
J3
Try (3) ______ they might, the surgeon and anaesthetist were unable to resuscitate her.
J4
Finally, after eight minutes, they succeeded, (4) ______ having been clinically dead ...
J5
The story doesn't stop there, (5) ______.
J6
And (6) ______ her never having been conscious in that room at any time, she described ...
J7
She said that (7) ______ three of the walls were bright white, one was dark grey.
J8
(8) ______ the anaesthetist didn't - and couldn't - believe her, she checked.
J9
There, just as Margaret Frobisher had described it, was the book. (9) ______ as they tried, no one at the hospital could explain ...
J10
Even (10) ______ one does not believe in a 'soul' ...
K. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given.
Answer all items in this section.
K1
Despite having looked for it everywhere, Donald never found his contact lens.
Even ______ for it everywhere, Donald never found his contact lens. (though)
K2
The stadium won't be ready for the Olympics whether they start building tomorrow or not.
The stadium won't be ready for the Olympics ______ building tomorrow. (even)
K3
The electricians are on strike but the BBC is still broadcasting.
The BBC is still broadcasting ______ the electricians are on strike. (spite)
K4
Inferred from scan context.Although no one gave us an invitation, we were still able to get into the club.
We were still able to get into the club in ______ an invitation. (given)
K5
Dom couldn't finish the crossword despite really trying hard.
Try ______, Dom couldn't finish the crossword. (might)
K6
Inferred from scan context.Although Sarah shouted loudly, she wasn't able to get the audience to pay attention.
However ______, Sarah wasn't able to get the audience to pay attention. (might)
K7
Inferred from scan context.I couldn't persuade Tim in spite of my begging him to come with us.
Much ______, I couldn't persuade Tim to come with us. (as)
K8
Despite our being late, we didn't think for a second we wouldn't make it on time.
Late ______, we didn't think for a second we wouldn't make it on time. (though)
L. Choose the correct answer.
Answer all items in this section.
L1
Inferred from scan context.More than 80 people came to the exhibition, many of ______ claimed had pictures taken on the walls.
L2
Inferred from scan context.The man ______ to safety was in his forties.
L3
Who was the receptionist ______ the phone at the time?
L4
Inferred from scan context.______ a scholarship, I entered the frightening unknown territory of private education.
L5
______ half a chance, I'd be there in a flash!
L6
______ quickly we ran, we just couldn't catch up with the van.
M. Write one word in each gap.
Answer all items in this section.
M1
Most of us will suffer from a 'fracture', (1) ______ is the medical term for a broken bone, at some point in our lives.
M2
A patient (2) ______ arm, let's say, is suspected of being broken will first be given an X-ray.
M3
(3) ______ determined the extent of the fracture, the orthopaedic surgeon will decide on the most effective treatment.
M4
For a fracture (4) ______ manipulation is required, (5) ______ may involve the patient being given a general anaesthetic while the bone is essentially re-broken.
M5
For a fracture (4) where manipulation is required, (5) ______ may involve the patient being given a general anaesthetic while the bone is essentially re-broken.
M6
Patients (6) ______ have more serious fractures may require 'fracture fixation', (7) ______ which pins and rods are connected to the bone to strengthen it.
M7
Patients (6) who have more serious fractures may require 'fracture fixation', (7) ______ which pins and rods are connected to the bone to strengthen it.
M8
(8) ______, for simple fractures, a cast - often (9) ______ out of plaster of Paris or fibreglass - is all that is required.
M9
(8) However, for simple fractures, a cast - often (9) ______ out of plaster of Paris or fibreglass - is all that is required.
M10
(10) ______ a broken upper leg can take anything up to twelve weeks to heal, a broken toe can heal in just three weeks.
M11
Inferred from scan context.Their plaster cast (11) ______ off, the patient will almost certainly require physiotherapy to exercise a limb (12) ______ has been inactive for several weeks.
M12
Their plaster cast (11) taken off, the patient will almost certainly require physiotherapy to exercise a limb (12) ______ has been inactive for several weeks.
M13
(13) ______ advances in medical technology, (14) ______ get a frail elderly person's fracture to heal is still remarkably difficult.
M14
(13) Despite advances in medical technology, (14) ______ get a frail elderly person's fracture to heal is still remarkably difficult.
M15
Even (15) ______ the fracture has been treated in the right way, it is quite possible that the bone will never fully heal.
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