Unit 20: Weather and the environment
Từ vựng Weather and the environment
📘 Giải thích tiếng Việt
Chủ đề: Thời tiết và môi trường
Unit gom từ vựng về weather and the environment. Phân biệt các cặp dễ nhầm: weather (thời tiết hằng ngày) khác climate (khí hậu lâu dài); fog/mist/smog/smoke (sương mù dày / sương nhẹ / khói mù / khói); thunder (sấm) khác lightning (chớp); extinct (tuyệt chủng) khác endangered (nguy cấp); recycle (tái chế) khác reuse (tái sử dụng).
Phrasal verbs quan trọng
call off = huỷ; clear up = trời quang hửng lên; die down = lắng xuống (gió, tiếng ồn); set in = bắt đầu và kéo dài (mưa, đông); put out = dập lửa; face up to = đối mặt; get sb down = làm ai chán nản; put sth down to = quy cho là do; stand for = viết tắt của / chịu đựng.
Collocations & word patterns
Các cụm hữu ích: have an effect on, take/lose control of, take responsibility for, a waste of time, under the weather (thấy khó ở), all over the world. Chú ý cấu trúc giới từ: aware of sth, familiar with/to, covered in/with, short of sth, prevent sb from doing, warn sb about/of sth. Ôn word formation theo họ từ: pollute → pollution → pollutant, environment → environmental → environmentalist, danger → dangerous → endangered.
Theory
Topic vocabulary in contrast
| urban / suburban / rural | clean / clear | thunder / lightning |
| smog / fog / smoke / mist | pour / drizzle / flood | global / worldwide |
| weather / climate | environment / surroundings | plain / land / field / desert |
| forecast / prediction | wind / air | extinct / endangered |
| waste / litter / rubbish | reservoir / lake / puddle / pond | recycle / reuse |
Phrasal verbs
| call for | require; need; demand |
| call off | cancel |
| clear up | become brighter and better (for weather) |
| cut off | make a place difficult or impossible to enter, leave or communicate with; disconnect |
| die down | become less noisy, powerful or active |
| do up | repair, paint or improve |
| face up to | accept sth and try to deal with it |
| get (sb) down | make sb feel sad or lose hope |
| put down to | suggest that sth is the result of |
| put out | make something stop burning |
| set in | start and be likely to continue for a while (for rain, winter, an economic depression, etc) |
| stand for | represent (for abbreviations and symbols); put up with |
| tear down | destroy or remove (for buildings, statues, etc) |
| throw away | get rid of, discard |
Phrases and collocations
| control | lose/take/have control (of sth); in control; out of control |
| effect | have an effect (on sth/sb); take effect |
| end | in the end; at the end (of sth); come to an end; come to/reach the end (of sth); happy ending |
| floor | on the floor; on the ground/first/second/etc floor |
| fuss | make/cause a fuss (about sth/doing) |
| long | (for) as long as; (for) a long time; take a long time (to do); long to do; long for sth (to do) |
| look | have/take a look at sth/sb; look like sth/sb; look at/for sth/sb |
| mess | make a mess (of sth); in a mess |
| responsibility | have/take (the) responsibility for sth/doing |
| shower | take/have a shower; a rain shower; a light/heavy shower of rain |
| sight | catch/lose sight of sth/sb; in sight of sth; at first sight |
| waste | a waste of time; waste your time; industrial/household waste |
| weather | weather forecast; under the weather |
| world | all over the world; around the world; throughout the world; the whole world; in the world; world record |
Word patterns
| aware of sth; aware that | expect sth/sb (to do); expect that | hard to do; hard doing |
| covered in/with sth | familiar with sth; familiar to sb | prevent sth; prevent sb from doing; prevent sth from happening |
| disappointed with/by sth; in sb | famous for sth/doing | short of sth; short on sth |
| except (for) sth/doing | glance at sth/sb | warn sb about/against sth/doing; warn sb of sth; warn sb not to do; warn (sb) that |
Word formation
| accurate accurately, inaccurate(ly), (in)accuracy | globe global(ly) | nature (un)natural(ly) |
| danger dangerous(ly); endanger; endangered | great greatly, greatness | neighbour neighbourly, neighbouring, neighbourhood |
| develop (un)developed, developing, developer, development | harm harmful(ly), harmless(ly), (un)harmed | pollute (un)polluted, pollution, pollutant |
| environment environmental(ly), environmentalist | likely unlikely, likelihood | reside residential, resident, residence |
| extreme extremely, extremity, extremist | low lower, lowness | sun sunny, sunshine |
| freeze froze, frozen, freezing, freezer |
Exercise A
Circle the correct word.
Local news in brief
Thresham Valley under water?
Plans to turn much of the Thresham Valley into a large (1) puddle / reservoir to provide drinking water for the local area have received mixed reactions. Local councillors have praised the scheme, arguing that the environmental and economic benefits of (2) flooding / pouring the valley will far outweigh the disadvantages. Several small (3) rural / urban communities – two villages, three hamlets and two farms – in the valley will disappear, however.Lucky escape for farmer
A farmer was struck by (4) lightning / thunder on Thursday evening, while mending a fence in one of his (5) plains / fields. The farmer, Jack Dobson, received treatment for slight burns at Meldew Hospital. Talking about the incident later, he said: 'It was (6) drizzling / showering slightly when I went out, but I'd checked the weather (7) prediction / forecast and it hadn't said there was going to be a thunderstorm. It was lucky I was wearing my wellington boots!'Save bags and save money
Shoppers at a local supermarket are being urged not to throw away the supermarket's plastic shopping bags. A spokesperson for Asdo said: 'For every new bag we make, the factory has to pump out industrial (8) waste / litter and that's increasing pollution in the (9) suburban / surrounding area. We want to reduce the number of bags we make each year. We're offering a financial incentive to our customers to (10) reuse / repeat their bags by bringing them with them every time they shop with us rather than getting new ones each time.'Local academic causes a stir
An academic from Davington University has caused controversy by claiming that (11) global / worldwide warming is not caused by human disregard for the (12) weather / environment. In her new book entitled Are We to Blame?, Professor Angela Lucini argues that large-scale changes in the Mediterranean (13) land / climate, for example, have taken place ever since the world was formed. 'People weren't responsible for the Ice Ages, or their coming to an end, and we certainly weren't responsible for the fact the dinosaurs became (14) extinct / endangered so it's a bit presumptuous of us to think we're responsible for all the problems were facing now, isn't it?' she said.Councillor calls for an end to the fireplace
Local councillor Davina Forrest is calling for a ban on the use of coal fires at home. 'There's no doubt that if domestic chimneys stopped pumping out (15) smoke / fog into the atmosphere, the (16) air / wind we'd all be breathing would be much (17) cleaner / clearer,' she said.
Exercise B
Complete using the correct form of the phrasal verbs in the box.
Exercise C
Write one word in each gap.
Exercise D
Complete each second sentence using the word given, so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. Write between two and five words in each gap.
Josh is feeling a bit __________ today.
CFC's have __________ the ozone layer.
Would you mind __________ the engine?
It __________ clean the beach.
Carl __________ the barometer every morning.
It __________ trying to persuade him to recycle bottles and paper.
We'll soon be __________ land, won't we?
I __________ the boat because the waves were so high.
Exercise E
Circle the correct word.
Exercise F
Write one word in each gap.
SAN FRANCISCO
Tourists to San Francisco are rarely disappointed (1) __________ the famous range of cultural and artistic attractions the city has to offer. But San Francisco is more famous (2) __________ being on the San Andreas fault, a notorious source of earthquakes. Over seven hundred people died in San Francisco in the great earthquake of 1906, and more than 70 perished in another large quake in 1989. It's hard (3) __________ imagine why anyone would want to live in such a dangerous area, but millions of people choose to do so. They are all familiar (4) __________ the faultline, and are aware (5) __________ the potential danger if there's another powerful quake. Yet nothing, it seems, will prevent people (6) __________ building in San Francisco. A quick glance (7) __________ a photo of the city shows a large number of modern skyscrapers, many of them completely covered (8) __________ glass.
Seismologists are constantly warning residents (9) __________ the possibility of 'the next big quake'. They expect it (10) __________ happen sooner rather than later. But San Franciscans are not short (11) __________ courage. Except (12) __________ making doubly sure that their buildings are built to the highest safety standards, they carry on with their daily lives as if nothing could ever disrupt them.
Exercise G
Each of the words in bold is in the wrong form. Rewrite them correctly.
