Unit 17: Relative clauses
Ngữ pháp Relative clauses
📘 Giải thích tiếng Việt
Đại từ quan hệ (Relative pronouns)
Dùng để nối và bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước: who cho người, which cho vật/con vật, where cho nơi chốn, whose chỉ sự sở hữu. Ví dụ: the man who created the Internet; the town where Einstein was born.
Lưu ý: đã có đại từ quan hệ thì không lặp lại chủ ngữ/tân ngữ. Sai: the man who he created…; the experiment which I'm doing it.
Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định (Defining)
Cho thông tin quan trọng, cần thiết để xác định danh từ; bỏ đi thì câu mất nghĩa. Không dùng dấu phẩy, và có thể thay who/which bằng that. Ví dụ: the woman who/that invented Tippex.
Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định (Non-defining)
Cho thông tin bổ sung, không bắt buộc; bỏ đi câu vẫn đủ nghĩa. Luôn dùng dấu phẩy và không thay được bằng that. Ví dụ: Carl, whose sister is famous, is a friend of mine. Dấu hiệu: có tên riêng và dấu phẩy hai đầu mệnh đề.
Tổng điểm: 0/47
Theory
Relative pronouns
| Use | Example |
|---|---|
| who for people | What's the name of the man who created the Internet? |
| which for things and animals | The experiment which worked was the last one. |
| where for places | This is the town where Albert Einstein was born. |
| whose to show possession | That's the man whose sister discovered a new planet. |
Watch out!
- We can use who for animals when we give them a personality.
✓ Our dog, who's called Benji, is eight years old. - When there is a relative pronoun, remember not to repeat the subject/object.
✗ What's the name of the man whohecreated the World Wide Web?
✗ This is the experiment which I'm doingitat the moment.
Non-defining relative clauses
Non-defining relative clauses give extra information. The sentence makes sense without the relative clause.
That man over there, who is called Bill Gates, started Microsoft.
If we remove the relative clause → That man over there started Microsoft. ✓
That man over there, who is called Bill Gates, started Microsoft.
If we remove the relative clause → That man over there started Microsoft. ✓
Helpful hints: We use commas with non-defining relative clauses.
✓ Carl, whose sister is famous, is a friend of mine.
✓ Carl, whose sister is famous, is a friend of mine.
Defining relative clauses
Defining relative clauses give very important information. If we remove them, the sentence doesn't make sense.
The person who is wearing the blue shirt started Microsoft.
If we remove the relative clause →The person started Microsoft. ✗ (We won't know which person.)
The person who is wearing the blue shirt started Microsoft.
If we remove the relative clause →
Helpful hints:
- We don't use commas with defining relative clauses.
- We can use that instead of who and which.
✓ Did you see the programme about the woman who invented Tippex?
✓ Did you see the programme about the woman that invented Tippex?
Exercise A
A Score: 0/8
Complete using the words in the box. You have to use some words more than once.
where
which
who
whose
1
There's a film on tonight __________ I really want to see.
which
2
Do you know any restaurants __________ they serve vegetarian dishes?
where
3
Can you remember __________ told you about the new nightclub?
who
4
The film, __________ stars Tom Hanks, is based on a book by Dan Brown.
which
5
I've never met anyone before __________ mother was famous!
whose
6
Lorenzo, __________ is from Spain originally, has lived here for about ten years.
who
7
Carla, __________ parents are from Mexico, was born in the UK.
whose
8
Here's a photo of the hotel __________ we stayed.
where
Exercise B
B Score: 0/5
Circle the extra word in each sentence.
1
The boy who he sits next to me in class is called Vladimir.
he
2
This book, which I started reading it last week, is really funny.
it
3
Jean, whose her mother is a nurse, wants to be a doctor.
her
4
My mum and dad, who they got married fifteen years ago, met over thirty years ago.
they
5
The jeans which I was telling you about them are over there.
them
Exercise C
C Score: 0/8
Rewrite as one sentence using a relative clause.
1
My grandfather was an airline pilot. He is sixty-five years old now.
My grandfather, who is sixty-five years old now, was an airline pilot.
2
Friendly People is a comedy. It's my favourite programme.
Friendly People, which is my favourite programme, is a comedy.
3
My friend Michael often comes to play with me. He hasn't got any brothers and sisters.
My friend Michael, who hasn't got any brothers and sisters, often comes to play with me.
4
My sister loves wearing hats. Her hair is brown.
My sister, whose hair is brown, loves wearing hats.
5
New York is an enormous city. It's where I was born.
New York, where I was born, is an enormous city.
6
This CD is scratched. I only bought it yesterday.
This CD, which I only bought yesterday, is scratched.
7
My brother George has got some great shirts! He hates me borrowing his clothes.
My brother George, who hates me borrowing his clothes, has got some great shirts!
8
Our neighbours have never invited us to dinner. Their house is directly opposite ours.
Our neighbours, whose house is directly opposite ours, have never invited us to dinner.
Exercise D
D Score: 0/8
Use the prompts to write sentences with defining relative clauses (who / which / whose).
1A
A tree / tall / have / leaves
Example: The tree which is tall doesn't have any leaves.
Example: The tree which is tall doesn't have any leaves.
The tree which is tall doesn't have any leaves.
1B
trees / have / leaves / be / short
The trees which have leaves are short.
2A
A bottle / big / full
The bottle which is big is full.
2B
bottles / small / empty
The bottles which are small are empty.
3A
A girl / has / short hair / be called / Melissa
The girl who has short hair is called Melissa.
3B
girls / hair / be / long / be called / Lucy, Tina and Debbi
The girls whose hair is long are called Lucy, Tina and Debbi.
4A
A boy / hold / black basketball / wear / school uniform
The boy who is holding a black basketball is wearing a school uniform.
4B
boys / basketballs / be / white / wear / tracksuits
The boys whose basketballs are white are wearing tracksuits.
Exercise E
E Score: 0/8
Tick (✓) the sentences from Exercise D where the relative pronoun can be replaced by that. Put a cross (✗) where that cannot replace the relative pronoun. Type "yes" or "no".
1A
The tree which is tall doesn't have any leaves. → Can use that?
yes (✓)
1B
The trees which have leaves are short. → Can use that?
yes (✓)
2A
The bottle which is big is full. → Can use that?
yes (✓)
2B
The bottles which are small are empty. → Can use that?
yes (✓)
3A
The girl who has short hair is called Melissa. → Can use that?
yes (✓)
3B
The girls whose hair is long are called Lucy, Tina and Debbi. → Can use that?
no (✗)
4A
The boy who is holding a black basketball is wearing a school uniform. → Can use that?
yes (✓)
4B
The boys whose basketballs are white are wearing tracksuits. → Can use that?
no (✗)
Exercise F
F Score: 0/10
Write one word in each gap.
Actuaries
Did you know that there are people (1) __________ are paid to predict the future? They're called 'actuaries'. I'd never heard of actuaries until my friend Greg, (2) __________ mother is an actuary, told me about them. It's a job (3) __________ sounds quite interesting.
Actuaries usually work for companies, like insurance companies, (4) __________ deal with the chances of things happening in the future. Actuaries have to decide how probable it is that something will happen. For example, it's more probable that buildings will be flooded in places (5) __________ it rains a lot.
Greg's mum, (6) __________ has been an actuary for about five years, is involved with car insurance. She works in an office (7) __________ they decide how much car insurance people should pay. It's more probable that a car (8) __________ is new is safer and more reliable than a very old car, so people (9) __________ cars are new pay less insurance. If there are drivers (10) __________ she thinks will probably have more accidents, she makes them pay more insurance!
1
people __________ are paid
who
2
Greg, __________ mother is an actuary
whose
3
a job __________ sounds quite interesting
which
4
companies, __________ deal with
which
5
in places __________ it rains a lot
where
6
Greg's mum, __________ has been an actuary
who
7
an office __________ they decide
where
8
a car __________ is new
which
9
people __________ cars are new
whose
10
drivers __________ she thinks will
who
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