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Đề HSG TP.HCM 2022–2023 — Ngày 1

Đề thi chọn đội tuyển học sinh giỏi THPT TP.HCM, năm học 2022-2023, ngày thi thứ nhất

Đề thi chọn đội tuyển học sinh giỏi THPT môn Tiếng Anh — Sở GD&ĐT TP.HCM. Đây là đề ở trình độ C1–C2, khó hơn hẳn đề tốt nghiệp: ngoài trắc nghiệm còn có điền từ, chia dạng từ, sửa lỗi và viết luận.

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Vận dụng tiếng Anh USE OF ENGLISH

Trắc nghiệm từ vựng – ngữ pháp – thành ngữ

Choose the best answer A, B, C or D to complete each blank.

  1. 1. Not having rehearsed for weeks, the cast ______ surprised by their own poor performance on stage.
  2. 2. The board meeting was ______ next week, but it has been postponed indefinitely.
  3. 3. We should forget this ever happened, let ______ no mention of it again.
  4. 4. Tomorrow we'll be going on a sponsored run, weather ______.
  5. 5. It's not a formal dinner ______, just a few close friends getting together for a meal.
  6. 6. What I really want ______ on time for your philosophy class.
  7. 7. The supervisor left explicit instructions; under no circumstances ______ unattended.
  8. 8. Tanya has a five-year-old and a three-year-old, so I presume I saw the ______.
  9. 9. She would have gone to university ______.
  10. 10. My father ______ to reduce the amount of salt in his diet.
  11. 11. If your performance doesn't improve, your job will be on the ______.
  12. 12. Nicole ______ tears as she described what had happened on that tragic day.
  13. 13. The ownership of the land is a bone of ______ between the two brothers.
  14. 14. It is parents who are ______ responsible for their children's welfare.
  15. 15. The lecture on Madrid was ______ in scope and included much of its history.
  16. 16. Mum is determined that she won't ______ in front of the TV screen.
  17. 17. Bill was arrested on a(n) ______ of embezzling company funds.
  18. 18. We must recognize that pensioners are getting a raw ______ as the intended pension cuts are unfair.
  19. 19. Changes may not be made without the ______ consent of the supervising director.
  20. 20. The stroke ______ her incapable of intelligible speech.
  21. 21. Pick disease, which is a rare disorder, affects only a minute ______ of the population.
  22. 22. Polly later ______ her slanderous comments and issued a public apology.
  23. 23. She turned up the CD player to ______ out the traffic noise.
  24. 24. It's raining again! That's ______ at the weekend!
  25. 25. The teacher ______ the girl's mobile phone until after school, as she was using it during lessons.
  26. 26. Her ______ laughter soon spread through the whole room.
  27. 27. I put him in charge of petty cash, much ______.
  28. 28. The museum's latest ______ was a rare series of charcoal sketches by Van Gogh.
  29. 29. Arteriosclerosis is ______ to some degree with meditation and proper diet.
  30. 30. It's natural for students to feel nervous when teachers ______ over them during a test.
  31. 31. I ______ remembered locking the front door. Is it possible we've been burgled?
  32. 32. The passengers and the crew had to ______ after an explosion ripped a hole in the ship's hold.
  33. 33. He ______ gave his daughter permission to go to the rock concert.
  34. 34. All the drains are ______ with dead leaves.
  35. 35. Now that you have more money, you'll be able to ______ a little; you have no excuses any more.
  36. 36. The audience were ______ by her inspiring lecture.
  37. 37. He often ended by affirming ______ that what he'd said was quite easy to understand.
  38. 38. The office was a bustling ______ of activity.
  39. 39. He was ______ with success and ordered a bottle of the best champagne.
  40. 40. Considering how the media ______ the ultra rich, we hear remarkably little about them.
  41. 41. The man sitting ______ over his chair was obviously ill.
  42. 42. In several countries, the systematic ______ of certain minority groups continues.
  43. 43. People ______ insist on being treated as individuals.
  44. 44. For the past 18 years, the company has established itself as the eminent choice of ______ customers in the moulding industry.
  45. 45. After years of being ______, Sara finally got a well-paid job.
  46. 46. During our Mexican cruise we were allowed plenty of time to ______ the sights at each of the ports we stopped at.
  47. 47. Very wealthy people are often ______ from the realities of poverty.
  48. 48. He watches ______ as the squad go over possible formations for tomorrow's game.
  49. 49. The story ______ well, indicating that sports obsession is a universal quality.
  50. 50. He was found to have provided the court with ______ evidence.

Điền từ có phương án GUIDED CLOZE

Đọc đoạn văn rồi chọn từ hợp nhất cho mỗi chỗ trống

Passage A

Read the passage and choose the best option A, B, C or D for each blank.

In the past decade, the scientific evidence that connection with nature has important therapeutic benefits for

human mental health has mushroomed. 1 studies from disciplines across the world are 2 what many intuitively know - that we often feel restored when we spend time in nature.

There is a wide range of evidence to support this. Time spent in nature is linked to lower stress, restored attention, a balanced nervous system, increased levels of cancer-fighting 'natural killer cells', the activation of neural pathways associated with calm, and decreased 3 of anxiety and depression. Phytoncides (compounds emitted from trees and plants), relaxation, stress reduction and awe are known to 4 enhance immune function.

And there is an abundance of awe outside in spring. The leaves are starting to erupt, all vivid lemon green. Birds are busy making their nests. The baby-skin softness of an 5 chestnut bud breaks through. Bumblebees potter sleepily. Spring is a symbol of renewal and 6 that we all need during this time of the Covid-19 outbreak.

Can spending time in nature help people deal with death and dying today? For those faced with the 7 of the death and suffering of loved ones, the natural world, with its seasons and changes and weather, reminds us of the facts: death and disease are 8.

What about the most 9 in our society, the disabled and chronically ill? National parks have been doing important work improving access to open spaces for people with 10 mobility. The South Downs, for instance, is creating new routes in an aim 11 the most accessible park in Britain. And for people who can't get outdoors at all? Studies have shown that just looking at a picture of the natural world can give stress reduction and wellbeing benefits. Pot plants, 12, are no small thing. GPs in Manchester have even started to 13 them.

Of course, the natural world isn't there to make us feel better. It doesn't exist for mankind. Are there ways, then, that the relationship can be 14, instead of a one-way street? Perhaps it's time we considered making our gardens nature-led, more 15 for other species and supporting initiatives that improve access to nature and biodiversity.

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Passage B

We live in the digital 16 which has transformed our lives for the better, with the information revolution of the internet. But there is a dark underside to this as cyber crime has also increased 17. The internet has become a dangerous place for the uninformed, but there are some forms of protection out there, and 18 the humble password.

The worst thing to do is to use a single word as your main password. So-called dictionary attacks run 19 every word in a language at lightning speed. On the dark web, hackers share millions of passwords that have been stolen in data 20, which are then added to the default dictionary and searched. Single-word passwords are often the first to be broken in a brute 21 attack.

As a password, 'newspaper' would be cracked instantly, according to website howsecureismypassword.net. Adding an upper case letter - changing it to Newspaper - does 22 nothing to make it more secure. Swapping a letter for a number, i.e. New5paper, isn't much help either. Words with one or two digits added at the end are usually easily 23 by software and take little extra time to crack.

The next piece of advice is to 24 the password. Security experts agree that a password should have a minimum of 12-14 characters. Richard Cassidy, technical director of cyber security company Alert Logic, says a 14-character password could take 811 trillion guesses to 25. Length is the thing that gives you protection, not complexity.

Using a password is 26 using a passphrase. While the password Newspaper will be cracked instantly, changing it to ReadNewspapers might take 27 of two years. Change it to EveryDayIReadNewspapers and it will take billions of years to 28 open, according to the password checking sites.

There is no such thing as perfect security, but that doesn't mean we have to treat the problem 29 we're five-year-olds. Just some 30 adjustments to your normal behavior can greatly improve your cyber security.

  1. 16. Chỗ trống (16) trong bài ở trên
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  15. 30. Chỗ trống (30) trong bài ở trên

Đọc hiểu READING COMPREHENSION

Đọc kỹ bài rồi trả lời câu hỏi

Passage A

For passages A and B, choose the item A, B, C or D that best answers the question or best completes the unfinished statement about the passage.

The immune system is equal in complexity to the combined intricacies of the brain and nervous system. The success of the immune system in defending the body relies on a dynamic regulatory communications network consisting of millions and millions of cells. Organized into sets and subsets, these cells pass information back and forth like clouds of bees swarming around a hive. The result is a sensitive system of checks and balances that produces an immune response that is prompt, appropriate, effective, and self-limiting. At the heart of the immune system is the ability to distinguish between self and nonself. When immune defenders encounter cells or organisms carrying foreign or nonself molecules, the immune troops move quickly to eliminate the intruders.

Virtually every body cell carries distinctive molecules that identify it as self. The body's immune defenses do not normally attack tissues that carry a self-marker. Rather, immune cells and other body cells coexist peaceably in a state known as self-tolerance. When a normally functioning immune system attacks a nonself molecule, the system has the ability to "remember" the specifics of the foreign body. Upon subsequent encounters with the same species of molecules, the immune system reacts accordingly. With the possible exception of antibodies passed during lactation, this so-called immune system memory is not inherited. Despite the occurrence of a virus in your family, your immune system must "learn" from experience with the many millions of distinctive nonself molecules in the sea of microbes in which we live. Learning entails producing the appropriate molecules and cells to match up with and counteract each nonself invader. Any substance capable of triggering an immune response is called an antigen. Antigens are not to be confused with allergens, which are most often harmless substances (such as ragweed pollen or cat hair) that provoke the immune system to set off the inappropriate and harmful response known as allergy. An antigen can be a virus, a bacterium, a fungus, a parasite, or even a portion or product of one of these organisms. Tissues or cells from another individual (except an identical twin, whose cells carry identical self-markers) also act as antigens; because the immune system recognizes transplanted tissues as foreign, it rejects them. The body will even reject nourishing proteins unless they are first broken down by the digestive system into their primary, nonantigenic building blocks. An antigen announces its foreignness by means of intricate and characteristic shapes called epitopes, which protrude from its surface. Most antigens, even the simplest microbes, carry several different kinds of epitopes on their surface; some may even carry several hundred. Some epitopes will be more effective than others at stimulating an immune response. Only in abnormal situations does the immune system wrongly identify self as nonself and execute a misdirected immune attack. The result can be a so-called autoimmune disease such as rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosis. The painful side effects of these diseases are caused by a person's immune system actually attacking itself.

  1. 1. What is the analogy used to describe the communications network among the cells in the immune system?
  2. 2. How do the cells in the immune system recognize an antigen as "foreign" or "nonself"?
  3. 3. After you have had the chicken pox, your immune system will be able to do all of the following EXCEPT
  4. 4. Which of the following best expresses the main idea of this passage?

Passage B

The Clearcutting of Trees

Less than a mile from Yosemite national park, Chad Hanson is wading through a sea of knee-high conifers that have burst from the ashes of the vast 2013 Rim fire. The US Forest Service essentially says the baby trees don't exist.

The agency says that 'catastrophic' fires have 'devastated' parts of the forest, painting an eerie picture of swaths of blackened tree trunks like something out of a Tim Burton film.

But the vibrant green pines, firs and cedars surrounding Hanson among the patches burned during California's third-largest wildfire tell a different story.

Hanson, a California fire ecologist, is on a mission to stop the forest service from expanding its clearcutting of trees in snag forest, the name for the burned areas. The timber is then sold to private companies to be burned for energy or for products like animal bedding. A bill making its way through Congress would allow the government to sidestep environmental laws to speed up logging in national forests, as well as the herbicide spraying that accompanies such projects.

Hanson says the agency is unnecessarily clearing dead wood and obliterating crucial habitats for owls, woodpeckers and small mammals.

The dispute illustrates intense philosophical differences over how to handle wildfires. When should they be allowed to burn freely and what should happen afterward?

But, Hanson said, philosophy and science are taking a back seat to profits.

"It's not that they don't understand the science. They don't care," said Hanson, 50, who co-founded the Earth Island Institute's John Muir Project, which advocates minimizing human effects on forests. "They only care about commodity production, and they don't care whether they drive species into extinction."

Even with the millions per year it's been making on logging for decades - the forest service sold $186m in timber in 2016 alone - the federal government wants to make more. At an October press conference touting the bill as a solution to wildfires in the western United States, the mostly Republican sponsors called forest fires 'catastrophic' and said forests should not be allowed to grow naturally.

But the agency is painting an incomplete picture, Hanson and other scientists say. Trees may not look pretty after a fire, they say, but removing them is far more damaging to the environment than the fire itself.

Among the reasons the forest service gives for its logging is that the forest can't regenerate on its own after a fire. A forest service audio tour of the Rim fire area essentially tries to sell visitors on the premise that fire has created a wasteland.

But the agency's own environmental impact study notes logging dramatically harms new tree growth, noting, "Salvage and fuels reduction operations that have occurred in the project area have reduced conifer regeneration density by 72% and oak regeneration by 26%."

The forest service also says clearcutting fire-damaged forest reduces the risk of future fires. "If we left all that material, the fire intensity would be tremendous," said Maria Benech, who coordinates restoration of the Rim fire area for the forest service.

That argument, Hanson and other scientists argue, is completely contradicted by studies that have shown fire-damaged trees do not add to the risk of future fires.

Forest service officials say biologists are careful about destroying snag forest habitats and that only 25%-40% of any burned area is logged.

"I think one has to be careful of painting a universal picture," said Richard Fitzgerald, a senior program analyst with the federal agency. "There's still a number of trees left for habitat."

But that remaining number of trees is far from enough to sustain owl and woodpecker populations in the Stanislaus national forest, environmentalists say. The small percentage of the Rim fire area being logged, they say, essentially constitutes the only suitable foraging and nesting areas for the birds.

With more logging on the way in the Rim fire area, biologists say federal foresters have already devastated wildlife near Yosemite.

"They were not at all careful, from my perspective, when it came to the spotted owl," said Justin Augustine, a biologist and attorney with the Center for Biological Diversity. "When you're dealing with a species that is in heavy decline, you need to err on the side of caution when it comes to loss of habitat."

The forest service view of burned trees is less than sophisticated, said Dominick DellaSala, an Oregon fire ecologist who, with Hanson, co-edited a 2015 book on fires' ecological importance.

"I had to recalibrate my sense of what a forest is, based on what I was seeing on the ground," he said. "I don't think the agency has caught up to that."

  1. 5. What point is the writer making in the opening paragraphs of the text?
  2. 6. What outcome does the writer foresee from the proposed legislation in paragraph 4?
  3. 7. What accusation does the writer present in paragraph 5?
  4. 8. What motivation is articulated by the writer for the mismanagement of the forest in paragraph 8?
  5. 9. What sentiment does the writer portray in paragraph 17 "But that remaining number of trees ... birds"?
  6. 10. What criticism does the writer identify in the penultimate paragraph?

Passage C

Which player

You are going to read an article on top tennis players. For questions 11-20, select the tennis player (A, B, C or D) to give correct answers. Each tennis player may be selected more than once.

Tennis Elites

(A) FEDERER

Roger Federer is considered by many to be the best tennis player of all time. But on what basis can that be determined? The easiest place to start is by comparing records, of which he has many - world number one for the longest period, winning the most grand slams, and reaching the Wimbledon final the most times. So where's the argument? Some feel that he was very fortunate to meet some very poor players in his quest to amass all those titles. Although it is also true that you can only beat what is put in front of you. Another test for the best could be resilience in the face of adversity. To be successful you need confidence, and confidence comes from winning. So when you lose, and keep on losing for a long time, it becomes extremely difficult to come back. Federer won the 2012 Wimbledon title against Murray after losing continuously for two years. That kind of mental strength has to be respected.

(B) NADAL

Nadal grew up playing tennis on clay in his native Spain, and he is justifiably regarded as the greatest player on clay. But he wanted more than that, and it is a testament to his mental strength that he was able to beat a peak-of-his-powers Federer on grass which was Federer's favourite surface in a Wimbledon final in 2008. So how did he manage that? The very short answer is hard work, and humility and determination and a never-give-in approach. Success breeds success and this was never more true than in the case of Nadal as he dominated the men's game for several years after that victory in 2008. His game was based on power and strength rather than style and subtlety, and this comes with a price as his body struggled to maintain the levels of fitness and health required. The other sad thing is that although it may be possible to come back from a loss of form, a comeback from injury is a different kettle of fish. The body can only take so much punishment, and once it breaks, there is no fixing it. The best of Nadal may be long gone leaving just a collection of fond old memories.

(C) DJOKOVIC

The king is dead, long live the king - meaning there is always someone ready to wear the crown once the old king is no more, and that man is Djokovic. This young Serb has demonstrated that he has the most complete game of any player today or of recent history. His win record is getting ever more impressive, and he seems

quite invincible. It was mentioned earlier that the best are measured by records, well Djokovic stands alone with 29 Masters 1000 series titles. There doesn't seem to be a surface he is weak on, and there doesn't seem to be a player he can't handle. Djokovic became the third man to hold all four major titles at once, and the first ever to do so on three different surfaces - hardcourt, clay, and grass. To give a balanced view, something negative should be said about him, but it's very difficult to identify anything. He is charming, attractive, intelligent and humble. Putting everything together, what can be said with any degree of certainty is that he is going to dominate proceedings for many years to come.

(D) MURRAY

Luck can be very cruel. Murray by any measure is a superb tennis player and his level of excellence would normally merit enormous success. But Murray had the misfortune to be playing at the same time as three of the best players in the history of the game - Federer, Nadal and Djokovic. And given the competition, the fact that he has won anything at all is no mean achievement. What's worse, if the others lose, they can go home reflecting that tomorrow is another day. But Murray has the demands of nation to satisfy. Before the Wimbledon final of 2013, the last British winner had been Fred Perry 77 years previously. So when he plays, there is a different level of pressure on his shoulders than his opponents. For him then to beat Federer in three sets in 2013 to take the Wimbledon crown, with his country demanding success, says a lot about courage, grit and strength of character. The match is widely believed to be one of the greatest performances by any athlete in history. It can be said without any fear of contradiction that he will never have the trophies and records his rivals will collect, but pound for pound, he is not less than any of the illustrious players he shares the court with.

  1. 11. had extra pressure compared to the players he was playing against?
  2. 12. could have health problems due to the way he played?
  3. 13. had a long period with no success?
  4. 14. has a unique record?
  5. 15. is unlikely to win many trophies?
  6. 16. often won against weak opposition?
  7. 17. had to dominate playing conditions which he was not used to?
  8. 18. earned a lot of patriotic respect?
  9. 19. is well-known for being humble?
  10. 20. is respected for being the best all-round player?

Dạng từ WORD FORMS

Chia đúng dạng của từ gốc cho sẵn

Phần A

Use the correct form of the word given to fill in each blank.

  1. 1. The pop star is always followed by her usual ______ of dancers. (TOUR)
  2. 2. Let the boss have the last word. He doesn't like being ______. (STAGE)
  3. 3. The prosecutor was convinced that he had a(n) ______ case against the defendant. (SHUT)
  4. 4. If you are planning to head out on vacation or step away from your office for a few days, creating an out-of-office ______ email message is essential. (RESPONSE)
  5. 5. The article was ______ cut and given its inflammatory title by an editor. (JUDGE)
  6. 6. His ______ spirit helped him to cope with his illness. (FATIGUE)
  7. 7. His difficult childhood left him with a deep sense of ______. He considered himself a good-for-nothing. (LOATH)
  8. 8. In the last negotiations, he ______ his rivals by offering a higher price. (MANEUVER)
  9. 9. As a(n) ______, she takes great pleasure in studying books printed in the 18th century. (ANTIQUE)
  10. 10. Judging by his elegant appearance, everyone was shocked at his ______ talk. (DECORATE)

Phần B

Put the words given in the correct blanks. You have to use their correct forms to make a meaningful passage. There are TWO words you cannot use.

  • CLEAN
  • SCIENCE
  • NORMAL
  • COINCIDE
  • TREAT
  • CONTRIBUTE
  • EXIST
  • BIOLOGY
  • RELATE
  • ACCEPT
  • VOCAL
  • MOLECULE

The old belief that obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) was the result of life experiences has been weakened before the growing evidence that biological factors are primary 11 to the disorder. Researchers using brain scanners to study patients with OCD have found 12 patterns of activity in regions of the brain associated with other neurological disorders. Brain scans also show that, 13 with clinical improvement, treatment of OCD with medication or through behavior therapy induces changes in these areas of the brain. For these reasons, OCD is no longer attributed to attitudes learned in childhood - for example, an inordinate emphasis on 14, or a belief that certain thoughts are 15. Instead, the emergence of the typical symptoms of obsessive thoughts and rituals designed to quell these thoughts is now believed to result from a combination of 16 factors and environmental influences. Symptoms of OCD frequently 17 with other neurological disorders. There is an increased rate of OCD in people with Tourette's syndrome, an illness characterized by involuntary movements and 18. It is now believed by many experts there may be a genetic 19 between OCD, Tourette's syndrome and other similar illnesses and that genetic studies may enable scientists to pinpoint the 20 basis of these disorders.

Điền từ không phương án OPEN CLOZE

Điền MỘT từ thích hợp vào mỗi chỗ trống

Passage A

Fill in each blank in the following passages with ONE suitable word to make meaningful passages.

One of the most quietly unsettling findings in psychology, for 1 money, is 'verbal overshadowing' - a weird fact 2 memory that's liable to make you 3 if anything you believe about your life is really true. The finding is that 4 your experiences into words makes you less likely to recall them accurately. If you were to 5 a mugging, say, then scribble a record of what you'd seen, you'd be 6 prone to misremember than if you'd written 7. Or think of all those ridiculous things your boss said, some of 8 you've told friends about. Maybe how you felt when you heard the presidential election result, or what it was like when you 9 into labour. In all 10, none of those conversations fixed the experience more vividly 11 memory. They probably distorted them, so your recollections may 12 little resemblance to the truth. This has consequences far graver than the 13 of your anecdotes: Elizabeth Loftus, a leading researcher of verbal overshadowing, advocates for those 14 convicted as a result. It's a horrible irony: in trials we need eyewitnesses to give statements. Yet the 15 of giving a statement undermines your value as an eyewitness.

Passage B

For some city planners, the attempt to create an authentic, localized environment seems doomed as large firms gobble 16 everything from coffee shops to dry cleaners. The 17 of the traditional shopping street by the big chain 18 means that our cities are becoming increasingly standardised and that the very existence of the independent merchant is under 19. To this picture, 20 commerce is now adding yet another dimension as 21 are presented with greater choices, convenience, and 22 prices on the internet. Some observers believe that the 'chaining' of shops and services, coupled with the growth of cyberspace, will soon reach 23 a level shopping districts will no longer be able to provide the social and cultural glue holding 24 the local community.

For our cities to continue to have a 25 in the future, perhaps something else must be offered. Many cities see cultural and art-related activities - museums, theatres, ballet, and video production - 26 potential sources of urban recovery. In the USA, Cleveland's Rock and Roll Hall of Fame - won after fierce competition with 27 arguably more attractive locales - has given the city a new public image.

Although a library, concert hall, or art museum can lure 28 on special occasions, only the marketplace can create a true permanent central place. 29 retailing, the commercial justification for the city centre and the High Street will have been lost. Ultimately, in order to survive, a revived city centre will have to 30 a sense of community and uniqueness with a strong commercial appeal.

Viết lại câu SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION

Viết lại sao cho nghĩa không đổi, dùng đúng từ khoá

Rewrite the sentences so that they mean almost the same as the ones before them. You have to use the exact words given in brackets.

  1. 1. We should not react without thinking twice, now that the relations between the two families have deteriorated. (HIP)

    Due to ______

  2. 2. The soldiers were ordered to get ready all the time in case the enemies attacked. (POWDER)

    It was ordered ______

  3. 3. Due to the energy crisis, a lot of city dwellers do not have enough fuel for winter heating. (LIGHT)

    It was due ______

  4. 4. If Mark had not come up with a different plan at the last minute, we could have had no more hopes. (DASHED)

    Were ______

  5. 5. Because the inflation rate had been controlled, the price offered those days was the cheapest. (COULDN'T)

    Given ______

  6. 6. She has had a lot of health problems, but she's working very hard. (GRINDSTONE)

    Her many ______

  7. 7. The high turnout at the conference would adversely impact his smooth speech. (FITS)

    The higher ______

  8. 8. It is obvious that the mass-inoculation programme of the government has been effective. (INROADS)

    There is no ______

  9. 9. The minister's popularity dropped sharply after the press leaked details of the scandal. (GRACE)

    The press leaking ______

  10. 10. His plans to expand the business was so impractical that all of his colleagues immediately criticized them. (WATER)

    Such ______

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Xem tất cả Đề thi HSG
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Đề HSG TP.HCM 2022–2023 — Ngày 1

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