Trang chủ Grammar C1-C2 Unit 21: Noun Phrases

Unit 21: Noun Phrases

Ngữ pháp Full interactive lesson reconstructed from the source unit: reference notes on countable and uncountable nouns, articles, quantifiers, and exercises A-I with answer tools and score tracking.

📘 Giải thích tiếng Việt

Danh từ đếm được và không đếm được

Nhiều danh từ chỉ khái niệm trừu tượng hay chất liệu là uncountable: không có số nhiều, không đi với a/an, và chia động từ số ít. Ví dụ điển hình trong bài: information, advice, furniture, luggage, knowledge, news, money, jewellery, hair (khi chỉ tóc nói chung). Nói a piece of information, a bit of advice chứ không nói informations.

Danh từ dạng số nhiều nhưng chia số ít (và ngược lại)

Các từ tận cùng -ics như physics, politics, diabetes, economics chia số ít (Politics is…). Ngược lại, danh từ chỉ vật có hai phần (scissors, jeans, pyjamas) và danh từ tập hợp (cattle, people, police) luôn chia số nhiều (My jeans were too small.).

Danh từ chỉ đơn vị / phần (partitives)

Với danh từ không đếm được, ta dùng cụm chỉ đơn vị phù hợp: a bar of chocolate, a loaf of bread, a slice of cheese, a grain of truth, a pack of cards, a herd of cows, a flock of sheep, a gust of wind. Chọn đúng "vật chứa/đơn vị" là điểm dễ sai.

Từ chỉ lượng (quantifiers)

Phân biệt sắc thái tinh tế: a few / a little mang nghĩa tích cực (có một chút), còn few / little mang nghĩa phủ định (hầu như không). Dùng many/few + đếm được, much/little + không đếm được. Chú ý each/every đi với danh từ số ít (every student is…), neither/either cũng số ít, còn all/most/none/half of theo sau là danh từ số nhiều.

Mạo từ a / an / the / Ø

Dùng a/an theo âm chứ không theo chữ: a unique (âm /juː/), an hour. Dùng the cho vật đã xác định hoặc duy nhất (the history of the world) và với the + tính từ chỉ nhóm người (the poor, the elderly). Không dùng mạo từ với danh từ không đếm được mang nghĩa chung (You have to earn respect.).

Tổng điểm: 0/192
Theory / Reference

Grammar Reference

Countable nouns

  • Countable nouns have a singular and plural form. That painting is amazing. / Those paintings are dreadful.
  • Some countable nouns have irregular plurals, for example person/people, mouse/mice.
  • Some do not change in their plural form, for example the sheep is ..., the sheep are ...
  • With hyphenated countable nouns, we usually form the plural by pluralising the key word, for example brothers-in-law and over-achievers.
  • With organisations and groups of people, for example group or team, it often makes no difference whether the verb is singular or plural. The government is/are not doing anything to help the arts.
  • When we want to refer to a group, we use phrases ending in of, including a flock of birds/sheep, a herd of cows/elephants, a pack of cards/dogs, a bunch of flowers/grapes/keys, a set of encyclopaedias/keys.

Singular uncountable nouns

  • Singular uncountable nouns only have a singular form. They only take verbs in the singular. Is the information reliable?
  • Examples: advice, blood, bread, furniture, hair, information, jewellery, knowledge, luggage, milk, money, news, permission, respect, water.
  • To describe one particular item, we often use a phrase ending in of: a bar of chocolate/soap, a bit of help/advice, a blade of grass, a block of concrete, a breath of fresh air, a drop of water, a grain of salt/sand, a gust of wind, a loaf of bread, a lump of sugar, a piece of bread/information, a scrap of paper, a sheet of paper, a slice of bread/cheese, a speck of dust/dirt, a spot of ink.

Plural uncountable nouns

  • Plural uncountable nouns only have a plural form. They only take verbs in the plural. The scissors aren’t on the table.
  • Examples: arms, binoculars, cattle, clothes, congratulations, earnings, glasses, goods, groceries, jeans, odds, pants, pliers, premises, pyjamas, regards, remains, savings, scales, scissors, shorts, surroundings, thanks, tights, trousers, valuables.
  • We can sometimes use a pair of, usually when we see something as having two parts, for example a pair of binoculars/trousers/scissors.
  • Some uncountable nouns end in -s but are singular, for example diabetes, news, physics, politics.
  • Some nouns are countable with one meaning and uncountable with another: cake, chicken, chocolate, damage, glass, hair, paper, time, wood, work.
  • The table is made of wood. (uncountable, the material)
  • It’s a picture of a local wood. (countable, a small forest)
  • Some nouns which are usually uncountable are used as countable nouns in certain expressions, for example a knowledge of, a great help.

Quantifiers

Quantifiers only used with countable nounsQuantifiers only used with singular uncountable nounsQuantifiers used with all nouns
a couple of (the), a number of, another (of the), both (of) (the), each (of the), either (of the), every, neither (of the), the entire, the whole (of) (the), (a) few (of the), only a few (of the), half (of) (the), many (of the), several (of the)an amount of, a great deal of, a little (of the), little (of the), much (of the), only a little (of the)all (of) (the), a lot of / lots of (the), any (of the), enough (of the), more (of the), most (of the), no, none (of the), plenty of (the), some (of the)
  • a few = some; few = not many; only a few = not many
  • little + countable noun = small; little + uncountable noun = not much; a little + uncountable noun = some

Indefinite articles: a / an

With singular countable nounstalking about one thing, but not being specific
mentioning something for the first time
talking about things generally (formal)
I’d like to go to a concert tonight but there’s nothing good on.
I’ve had a great idea!
A poet sees the world differently. (= Poets see ...)
  • We use a before a consonant sound, and an before a vowel sound. It is the sound and not the spelling that is important, for example a unique experience, an umbrella.
  • We use a/an to show what group someone or something belongs to, or to classify it, him or her. Liz is a modernist.

Definite article: the

singular countable nounsbeing specific
talking generally (formal)
Is that the band you were talking about?
The guitar is one of the oldest musical instruments. (= Guitars are ...)
plural countable and uncountable nounsbeing specificThe scales are balanced to symbolise equality.
singular uncountable nounsbeing specificWho did the publicity for the show?
with some adjectives to mean groups of peopletalking generally (formal)Pop music has always appealed more to the young than the old.
  • We often use the with physical things that are unique, for example the moon, the Queen.
  • We often use the with superlatives, for example the best, and cardinal numbers, for example the first.
  • We can use the to mean the well-known or the famous. I bumped into Damian Hirst, the artist, in the supermarket.

Zero article: no article at all

With plural countable and uncountable nounstalking generallyDon’t let your young child use scissors unsupervised.
With singular uncountable nounstalking generallyAn artist always needs inspiration.

We often use no article for concepts (not physical things), for example society, space, nature.

Articles by category and with particular phrases and expressions

CategoryIndefinite articleDefinite articleZero article
Timein an hour, in a secondin the 1840s, in the winter, in the afternoonin 2010, in winter, in December, on Tuesday, at night
People and workhave a job, work as a teacher, I met a very nice American last nightthe King, the Principal, the President, the BritishRussians, become President, go to work, be at work, have work to do
PlacesIs there a beach near here?the Himalayas, the Pacific Ocean, the Seine, the Earth, the Antarctic, the USA, the UK, the Scilly IslesMount Everest, Berlin, America, Antarctica, Jupiter, Fleet Street, Lake Michigan, Mykonos
Public buildingsIs there a bank near here?the bank, the post office, go to the hospital/prison/school (as a visitor)go to school/hospital/prison (as a student/patient/prisoner)
Entertainment and sportPlay us a song! I’ve got a tennis ball.play the guitar, the media, on the radio, go to the cinema, watch the TVplay tennis, play guitar, listen to music, on television, watch TV
OrganisationsDoes Switzerland have an army?the BBC, the police, the emergency services, the United NationsNATO
Educationhave a lesson, take an exambe in the first yeargeography, be in class/year/form 5
Traveltake a taxi, catch a bus/trainin the car/taxi, on the bus/planeon foot, go home, go by car/plane
Healthhave a cold / cough / headache / toothache / stomach achehave the flu / measleshave flu / measles / toothache / stomach ache

Select the correct word. If both are correct, select both.

Exercise A

Select the correct word. If both are correct, select both.

1Are those
or goats in that field over there?
Answer: sheep
2How many
have you got?
Answer: sisters-in-law
3Look at those lovely little
Answer: fish, fishes
4I’ve only got one important piece of
to tell you, I think.
Answer: news
5The hairdresser quickly swept up the
on the floor.
Answer: hair
6I’ll be giving you a lot of
, so do please take notes.
Answer: information
7We’ve bought quite a lot of
in the last few days.
Answer: furniture
8Could you give us both
to miss PE tomorrow?
Answer: permission
9
is my favourite subject by far.
Answer: physics
10I think I’ve got some
on me.
Answer: money
11I’m going to give them all the
I can.
Answer: advice
12What kind of
are you interested in getting?
Answer: jewellery
13Would you like some
Answer: chocolate, chocolates
14You’ve got to have very good general
to go on Who Wants To Be A Millionaire.
Answer: knowledge
15I’ve always been interested in
Answer: politics

Complete using the correct form of the verb in brackets.

Exercise B

Complete using the correct form of the verb in brackets.

1 (be) all the furniture very expensive when you got it?
Correct.
2My earnings (increase) considerably over the last two years.
Correct.
3 (be) all the luggage yours?
Correct.
4Your pyjamas (be) on your bed, I think.
Correct.
5Politics (be) a love of mine, as well as my profession.
Correct.
6 (be) your team doing well in the league right now?
Correct.
7The people over there (need) serving.
Correct.
8 (be) the news good or bad?
Correct.
9There (be) blood all over the floor!
Correct.
10The cattle (eat) at the moment.
Correct.
11Diabetes (be) very common these days.
Correct.
12Where (be) the scissors?
Correct.
13My work (be) the most important thing in my life.
Correct.
14I think the milk (go off). Shall I pour it away?
Correct.
15The jeans I tried on in the shop yesterday (be) far too small.
Correct.

If a word in bold is correct, put a tick. If it is in the wrong sentence, write the correct word on the line.

Exercise C

If a word in bold is correct, put a tick. If it is in the wrong sentence, write the correct word on the line.

1I’m off to the newsagent’s to get a pair of chocolate. Do you want anything?
Correct.
2Could you get me a flock of chewing gum when you go to the shops?
Correct.
3I think I’ll have another herd of toast.
Correct.
4Just add a breath of milk if the mixture starts to get a bit dry.
Correct.
5I’m popping out for a pack of fresh air. Do you want to come?
Correct.
6There was a block of cows being taken down the lane for milking, and it took us ages to get by.
Correct.
7You said you wanted to get a new bar of trousers, didn’t you?
Correct.
8Get us a bunch of bread when you go to the shops, won’t you?
Correct.
9I was thinking of getting Jill a blade of flowers for our anniversary. Do you think that’s romantic?
Correct.
10There was a really strong drop of wind and it blew a man’s wig off!
Correct.
11My mum’s so houseproud; there’s never a gust of dust anywhere in the house.
Correct.
12Could you cut me off a small slice of that cheese?
Correct.
13That speck of birds will be migrating south for the winter, I’d imagine.
Correct.
14Since we got the goat, there’s not a loaf of grass longer than about two centimetres!
Correct.
15We do like a nice bit of steak every now and again, don’t we, Francis?
Correct.
16How heavy’s that sheet of concrete, would you say?
Correct.
17We’ll give you a set of keys and a security pass.
Correct.
18There’s not a grain of truth in what she said.
Correct.
19Is one piece of sugar enough?
Correct.
20I’ll tear you off a lump of paper if you’re going to take notes.
Correct.

Complete the pairs of sentences using the correct form of a word in the box.

Exercise D

Complete the pairs of sentences using the correct form of a word in the box.

armcakechickenchocolatedamageglasshairhelpknowledgepaperspacetimewoodwork
1Right! I’m off to .
How many of art by Picasso can you actually name?
Correct.
2The storm did quite a lot of , so I hear.
The jury awarded them of over €500,000.
Correct.
3I don’t think I’ve ever baked three from scratch in one day.
Would you like another piece of ?
Correct.
4Thanks, you’ve been a great .
Without your , we don’t know what we’d have done.
Correct.
5Ed was looking in the mirror and noticed one of his had gone grey.
I gather that long is back in fashion amongst the young.
Correct.
6Did you know that is actually a kind of liquid?
I can’t find my . Have you seen them anywhere?
Correct.
7Is your left really longer than your right?
The trade is an industry I’d rather have nothing to do with.
Correct.
8Let’s have a picnic in the .
That table’s not made of . It’s plastic!
Correct.
9Phil’s of eighteenth century pottery is astounding.
Phil’s got a great of eighteenth century pottery.
Correct.
10No one can hear you scream in because there’s no sound.
Why are there no parking round here at all?
Correct.
11How did people write things down before was invented?
The story appeared in most of the Sunday .
Correct.
12One of our is ill so we’ve had to call the vet out.
This tastes delicious!
Correct.
13How many have I told you not to do that?
What did you get home last night?
Correct.
14Let’s get a big bar of milk .
Oh no! There are only two left in the box!
Correct.

Complete each second sentence using one of the two words in bold and any other words you need so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence.

Exercise E

Complete each second sentence using one of the two words in bold and any other words you need so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence.

1Only two boys volunteered to hand out programmes. double / couple
Only boys volunteered to hand out programmes.
Correct.
2There were quite a few people at the party who I knew. number / amount
There were people at the party who I knew.
Correct.
3When I was small, I’d never heard of computers. little / few
When I was girl, I’d never heard of computers.
Correct.
4There’s not much ketchup left in the bottle. little / few
There’s only ketchup left in the bottle.
Correct.
5Some kids have put their names down already. little / few
kids have put their names down already.
Correct.
6I haven’t got much money on me, I’m afraid. number / amount
I’ve only got money on me, I’m afraid.
Correct.
7I didn’t understand a lot of what she said, to be honest. much / many
I didn’t understand what she said, to be honest.
Correct.
8Not enough British people can speak a foreign language. little / few
British people can speak a foreign language.
Correct.

Select the correct word or phrase. More than one option may be correct in each sentence.

Exercise F

Select the correct word or phrase. More than one option may be correct in each sentence.

1Would you like
coffee?
Answer: some
2I’ve hardly got
money left!
Answer: any
3
of the ducks have names.
Answer: only a few, a few
4I’ve only got
time, so make it quick!
Answer: a little, a small amount of
5
guards was injured in the attack.
Answer: neither, neither of the
6
of the clothes were filthy.
Answer: all, most, many
7
of the glasses had been smashed.
Answer: none, half
8
student in the class whose surname begins with a vowel, please stand up.
Answer: each, every
9There’s
we can do about the situation, I’m afraid.
Answer: little, not much
10We’ve got
of time, don’t worry.
Answer: plenty, a lot, lots

Complete the sentences with a, an or the. If no article is required, put a dash (-).

Exercise G

Complete the sentences with a, an or the. If no article is required, put a dash (-).

1I think there’s chemist open in main road somewhere.
Correct.
2One of people who I met at lecture last night is architect for quite well-known firm.
Correct.
3 quality screwdriver is essential part of any tool box.
Correct.
4Who designed invitations for wedding?
Correct.
5 poor and elderly are often left behind when it comes to modern technology.
Correct.
6When I was at school, we had to wear shorts until we were 11 and then we were allowed to wear pair of long trousers.
Correct.
7I met writer Catherine Hawkins other day. She signed copy of her latest book for me.
Correct.
8I honestly believe that car is one of worst inventions in history of world.
Correct.
9Is that ewe or elk?
Correct.
10What’s difference between unicorn and postbox? You don’t know? Then, I’m not going to ask you to post letter for me!
Correct.

Select the correct answer.

Exercise H

Select the correct answer.

1Are these windows really not made of ...?
Answer: glass
2I fancy playing poker. Have we got a ... of cards anywhere?
Answer: pack
3Luckily, only ... of the medicine got spilt.
Answer: a little
4The ... on the kitchen table.
Answer: groceries are
5Hardly ... of the paintings at the gallery were for sale.
Answer: any
6It’s ... opportunity to see African wildlife in its natural environment.
Answer: a unique
7You can’t just demand ..., you have to earn it.
Answer: respect
8Almost ... person I’ve asked says they’re going on the anti-war demonstration next Saturday.
Answer: every

Write one word in each gap.

Exercise I

Write one word in each gap.

Artists and money

In publishing, author will usually earn royalties on sales. For book sold, the author gets a percentage. The more successful the author, the more they are able to negotiate with their publisher, and bigger the percentage they can get. Although the ‘struggling author’ is still common, it is quite possible for a successful novelist to earn a deal of money. You only have to look at children’s author J. K. Rowling to see that.

For a painter or sculptor, however, the situation is more difficult. A painter sells his or her work for fee. As the painter becomes more successful, the painting becomes valuable. time it is sold, its value increases. The painter doesn’t receive benefit from this, though. To make money, the artist has to be continually producing new pieces. More than a artists today, however, are very aware of this, and so practise what is sometimes called ‘holding back’. They produce, say, ten paintings for an exhibition, but only allow a certain of them, say eight, to be sold. The other two they keep, in hope that when they sell them in later years they will have greatly increased in value.

For musicians, there are royalties for performance (eg on CD) and for writing. However, since illegal transfer of digital music via the Internet has become widespread, songwriters and performers have become worried that their main source of income will dry up. Certainly, the music industry - be it pop, rock or classical - is in turmoil at the moment, but its future is not bleak. There is still a huge of money to be made from live performances.

Correct.
🎯 Muốn tiến bộ nhanh hơn?
Grammar C1-C2Được đề xuấtTìm hiểu thêm

Học tiếp bài khác

Xem tất cả Grammar C1-C2
Thấy chỗ nào chưa đúng trong bài này? Đáp án sai, lỗi chính tả, nội dung thiếu… hãy đăng nhập rồi báo cho chúng tôi để sửa cho các bạn học sau.

Báo lỗi bài học

Unit 21: Noun Phrases

Bạn cần đăng nhập để gửi báo lỗi. Có tài khoản thì chúng tôi mới hỏi lại được khi cần và báo cho bạn biết lúc bài đã sửa xong.

Đăng nhập

Chưa có tài khoản? Tạo tài khoản miễn phí

Tư vấn nhanh
Phản hồi trong hôm nay
Tip: bấm "Đăng ký" để nhận checklist theo case.